TABLE II:

Performance of different ML classifiers for predicting No Pain (0) vs. Pain (1–10). Results are reported as ”Metric ± 95% Confidence Interval”.

Daytime
Method	F1-score	Recall	ROC AUC
Logistic reg	0.72 ± 0.07	0.72 ± 0.05	0.72 ± 0.05
Catboost	0.69 ± 0.10	0.70 ± 0.10	0.69 ± 0.10
XGBoost	0.65 ± 0.09	0.65 ± 0.09	0.65 ± 0.09
Nighttime
Method	F1-score	Recall	ROC AUC
Logistic reg	0.70 ± 0.19	0.71 ± 0.18	0.70 ± 0.18
Catboost	0.82 ± 0.27	0.82 ± 0.27	0.82 ± 0.27
XGBoost	0.82 ± 0.24	0.82 ± 0.21	0.81 ± 0.20