. 2023 Oct 14;31(12):18281–18295. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30224-1

Table 3.

Analyzing and comparing the results of methods DT, BPNN, LSTM, and Bi-LSTM in solar radiation forecasting

Region	DT					BPNN					LSTM					Bi-LSTM
Region	MSE	RMSE	MAE	MAPE	R²	MSE	RMSE	MAE	MAPE	R²	MSE	RMSE	MAE	MAPE	R²	MSE	RMSE	MAE	MAPE	R²
Birjand	0.0027	0.051	0.024	1.47	0.97	0.0033	0.057	0.029	1.52	0.97	0.0019	0.043	0.020	1.39	0.97	0.0013	0.036	0.017	1.31	0.98
Seydabad	0.0051	0.071	0.039	2.60	0.94	0.0054	0.073	0.042	2.65	0.93	0.0046	0.067	0.034	2.52	0.95	0.0043	0.065	0.034	2.51	0.96
Abhar	0.0054	0.073	0.043	2.92	0.94	0.0051	0.071	0.039	2.58	0.94	0.0046	0.067	0.042	2.97	0.95	0.0044	0.066	0.040	2.96	0.96
Mahan	0.0070	0.083	0.044	2.93	0.93	0.0072	0.084	0.045	2.90	0.94	0.0075	0.086	0.047	2.84	0.93	0.0060	0.077	0.031	2.72	0.95
Eqlid	0.0063	0.079	0.058	3.40	0.93	0.0065	0.080	0.060	3.39	0.93	0.0058	0.076	0.053	3.49	0.94	0.0046	0.067	0.040	3.29	0.96
Khaf	0.0037	0.060	0.034	1.54	0.97	0.0044	0.066	0.039	1.61	0.96	0.0031	0.055	0.029	1.47	0.97	0.0020	0.044	0.019	1.24	0.98
Meybod	0.0040	0.063	0.039	1.61	0.97	0.0042	0.064	0.043	1.67	0.97	0.0027	0.051	0.027	1.43	0.98	0.0024	0.048	0.023	1.41	0.97
Abadeh	Failed					Failed					Failed					Failed
Jarqavieh	Failed					Failed					Failed					Failed
Arak	Failed					Failed					Failed					Failed