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. 2024 Jan 5;31(12):17804–17821. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-31712-0

Table 3.

Average cement content of ready-mix concrete and average distance between cement factories and ready-mix plants of precast industries (ERMCO 2017, 2020; WB 2022; CEMNET 2022; USGS 2021)

Region Cement content in ready-mix concrete Distance
[kg/m3] [km]
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2020
Africa
  Nigeria 426.8
America
  Brazil 421.7
  Colombia 317.6
  Canada 1058.6
  United States 261 270 270 270 270 417.4
  Rest of America
Europe
  Austria 260 260 260 260 122.5
  Belgium 310 280 280 280 77.8
  Czechia 298 298 272 272 160.4
  Denmark 260 260 260 260 200.0
  Finland 355 350 350 345 450.1
  France 298 297 297 298 152.6
  Germany 303 305 301 298 118.2
  Ireland 260 260 260 255 151.5
  Italy 320 320 320 320 99.3
  Netherlands 314 315 315 313 149.8
  Poland 278 285 270 270 217.0
  Portugal 278 244 204 195 196 151.3
  Slovakia 303 300 302 300 138.7
  Spain 270 275 275 283 154.2
  Sweden 638.2
  United Kingdom 278 258 262 260 168.7
  EU 288 285 283 282 128.8
  Norway 360 360 360 365 603.6
  Switzerland 280 280 280 280 114.8
  Turkey 305 295 290 290 142.3
Middle East
  Iran
  Israel 120.1
Asia
  China 151.8
  India 143.2
  Japan 348 348 351 351 153.3
  Indonesia 306.4
  Pakistan 234.7
  Thailand 252.7
  Taiwan
  Russia 360 360 359 360 699.2
  CIS
Oceania
  Australia and New Zealand
Rest of Asia and Oceania
World 300.6 298.6 296.7 296.9 288.8