Skip to main content
. 2024 Jan 5;31(12):17804–17821. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-31712-0

Table 5.

Full simulation inputs and results

Parameter Median Max Min
Electricity
  Emission factor [g CO2 / kWh]
    World 443.93 450.76 421.85
      US 388.02 403.69 348.54
      EU 301.95 316.79 264.54
        France 59.23 70.40 56.85
        Portugal 94.30 102.01 82.68
    China 570.10 580.14 545.89
    India 655.28 665.39 624.37
  Consumption [kWh / kg CO2]
    Liquefaction 0.09 0.14 0.08
    Vaporization 0.007 0.0088 0.0053
    Injection 0.037 0.041 0.033
Fuel (transportation)
  Distance [km]
    World 288.79 450.14 77.82
      US 417.42 450.14 77.82
      EU 128.82 450.14 77.82
        France 152.64 450.14 77.82
        Portugal 151.33 450.14 77.82
    China 151.80 450.14 77.82
    India 143.19 450.14 77.82
  Emission factor [g CO2 / t.km] 82.00 300.00 40.00
  Efficiency [kg CO2 / kg transported] 0.650 0.715 0.585
Specific emission carbon mixing [kg CO2 emitted / kg CO2 used]
  World 0.074 0.183 0.052
    US 0.074 0.174 0.043
    EU 0.047 0.158 0.033
      France 0.016 0.110 0.009
      Portugal 0.021 0.116 0.012
    China 0.084 0.208 0.067
    India 0.095 0.225 0.076
Ready-mix concrete
  Consumption [106 m3 / year]
    World 3984.04 5568.08 2400.00
       US 274.00 286.00 265.00
      EU 246.23 260.00 230.03
        France 38.70 40.30 36.10
        Portugal 4.50 5.90 3.20
    China 2024.00 2848.00 1200.00
    India 537.00 537.00 537.00
  Cement content [kg / m3]
    World 293.55 298.68 292.22
      US 270.00 270.00 270.00
      EU 284.00 288.00 282.00
        France 297.50 298.00 297.00
        Portugal 200.00 244.00 195.00
    China 292.66 298.27 291.27
    India 292.66 298.27 291.27
Precast concrete
  Consumption [106 m3 / year]
    World 4200.00 4620.00 3780.00
      US 25.23 27.75 22.71
      EU
        France 12.15 13.37 10.94
        Portugal 3.42 3.76 3.08
    China
    India
  Cement content [kg / m3]
    World 366.67 403.34 330.00
      US 396.40 436.04 356.76
      EU
        France 329.10 362.01 296.19
        Portugal 280.82 308.91 252.74
    China
    India
Mixing performance
  Absorption [kg CO2 / kg cement] 0.0085 0.016 0.001
  Efficiency [kg CO2 absorbed / kg CO2 mixed] 0.675 0.85 0.5
  Storage [106 kg / year]
    World 23,031.1 56,423.9 1948.7
      US 713.8 1429.1 79.7
      EU 594.4 1198.1 64.9
        France 131.9 269.6 14.0
        Portugal 15.8 41.6 1.4
    China 5034.9 13,591.7 349.5
    India 1335.8 2562.8 156.4
  Emissions [106 kg / year]
    World 2540.49 12,175.34 202.10
      US 78.13 293.14 6.88
      EU 41.42 222.14 4.31
        France 3.13 34.93 0.24
        Portugal 0.48 5.69 0.03
    China 626.13 3331.54 46.53
    India 187.65 677.70 23.73