Table 1.
Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Groups of participants | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy-weight | Overweight | Obesity | ||
| n | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| Gender (female/male) | 7/3 | 7/3 | 6/4 | |
| Average age (years) (mean ± SD) | 32 ± 7.65 | 29.90 ± 10.01 | 26.5 ± 4.62 | 0.2717 |
| Average BMI (kg m–2) | 22.87 | 26.49 | 35.7 | 0.0001* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.23 ± 8.88 | 81.96 ± 4.36 | 101.58 ± 13.12 | 0.0001* |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98.24 ± 4.58 | 102.55 ± 5.26 | 117.76 ± 15.59 | 0.0004* |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.0217* |
| Fat mass (%) | 26.64 ± 9.79 | 29.01 ± 4.80 | 37.4 ± 4.69 | 0.0041* |
| Lean mass (%) | 30.30 ± 9.09 | 24.9 ± 3.92 | 23.52 ± 3.39 | 0.0445* |
| Serum iron (μg/dL) | 109.2 ± 36.41 | 93.98 ± 24.31 | 81.77 ± 21.99 | 0.1136 |
| Total proteins (g/dL) | 7.11 ± 0.32 | 7.12 ± 0.25 | 7.16 ± 0.24 | 0.9114 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.60 ± 0.28 | 0.86 ± 0.52 | 0.3169 |
| ALT/GPT (U/L) | 24.20 ± 15.79 | 25.64 ± 9.81 | 47.10 ± 27.84 | 0.0222* |
| AST/GOT (U/L) | 36.05 ± 30.31 | 22.74 ± 6.00 | 60.22 ± 50.221 | 0.0606 |
| GGT (U/L) | 11.00 ± 7.64 | 19.20 ± 8.28 | 22.60 ± 9.16 | 0.0137* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.60 ± 29.84 | 165.40 ± 22.90 | 170.80 ± 25.99 | 0.8915 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 54.04 ± 12.05 | 41.17 ± 6.33 | 38.08 ± 2.67 | 0.0003* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 93.30 ± 62.18 | 111.60 ± 27.16 | 188.10 ± 99.40 | 0.012* |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 79.20 ± 4.66 | 77.20 ± 3.04 | 85.30 ± 11.13 | 0.0465* |
| Kilocalories (kcal) | 1760.9 ± 404.43 | 1636.50 ± 226.45 | 1844.40 ± 313.66 | 0.3644 |
| Carbohydrates (kcal) | 832.80 ± 277.88 | 796.00 ± 239.33 | 1004.40 ± 189.15 | 0.1326 |
| Proteins (kcal) | 360.20 ± 100.28 | 324.80 ± 78.98 | 386.80 ± 114.79 | 0.0001* |
| Lipids (kcal) | 567.90 ± 235.39 | 515.70 ± 93.24 | 453.10 ± 146.03 | 0.3286 |
| Simple carbohydrates (kcals) | 28.00 ± 32.93 | 72.00 ± 90.03 | 88.00 ± 74.95 | 0.161 |
| Complex carbohydrates (kcals) | 804.80 ± 253.87 | 724.00 ± 244.62 | 944.20 ± 179.89 | 0.1117 |
| Dairy products (kcals) | 88.20 ± 87.54 | 64.80 ± 55.77 | 32.40 ± 30.00 | 0.2313 |
| meat products (kcals) | 159.60 ± 98.81 | 154.00 ± 68.90 | 212.80 ± 78.31 | 0.0001* |
| Vegetables (kcals) | 112.40 ± 30.48 | 106.00 ± 55.40 | 139.60 ± 38.15 | 0.1928 |
Values represent the mean ± SD. *Values with statistically significant difference (analysis of variance, p < 0.05).
BMI Body Mass Index. ALT/GPT alanine transaminase. AST/GOT Aspartate aminotransferase. GGT gamma glutamyl transferase. HDL high density lipoprotein.