Table 4.

Risk ratio of mortality and complications after surgery in patients with isolated traumatic spine injuries, after IPTW

	Male	Female RR (95% CI)	P-value
In-hospital mortality	Reference	0.63 (0.57–0.69)	< 0.001
Myocardial infarction	Reference	0.73 (0.56–0.95)	0.021
Cardiac arrest with CPR	Reference	0.63 (0.55–0.72)	< 0.001
Stroke	Reference	0.95 (0.73–1.25)	0.749
Deep vein thrombosis	Reference	0.66 (0.59–0.74)	< 0.001
Pulmonary embolism	Reference	0.55 (0.46–0.65)	< 0.001
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	Reference	0.64 (0.54–0.76)	< 0.001
Pneumonia	Reference	0.66 (0.60–0.72)	< 0.001
Surgical site infection	Reference	0.78 (0.62–0.98)	0.032

All variables were balanced after IPW, with ASDs < 0.1. Weights are based on age, sex, race, highest abbreviated injury severity score in each region, level of injury, presence of spinal cord injury, level of spine surgery, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, history of peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking status, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, coagulopathy, currently receiving chemotherapy for cancer, metastatic cancer, drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder, major psychiatric illness, and advanced directives limiting care

IPW Inverse probability weighting, RR Risk ratio, CI Confidence Interval, ASD Absolute standardized difference