Table 3.
Occurrence of aflatoxins in infant foods in different countries
| Type of aflatoxin | Dietary source | Country | Method of detection | Sample size | Positive samples (%) |
Mean concentration of AF |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 | Cereal-based baby foods | Lebanese | ELISA | 42 | ND | ND | [54] |
| AFB1 | Cereal-based baby foods | Iran | HPLC | 48 | 33 (68.7) | 2.6 ± 4.0 µg/kg | [55] |
| AFB1 | Cereal-based baby foods | Kosovo | ELISA and LC-MS/MS | 103 | 64 (62.1) | Ranged from 0.008 to 0.116 μg/kg | [56] |
| AFM1 | Baby milk | 40 | 6 (15) | Ranged from 0.008 to 0.123 μg/kg | |||
| AFB1 | Cereal-based baby foods | Turkey | LC-MS/MS | 85 | 11 (12.9) | 0.03 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SD) | [57] |
| AFB2 | 3 (3.5) | 0.05 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SD) | |||||
| AFG1 | ND | ND | |||||
| AFG2 | ND | ND | |||||
| AFB1 | Cereal-based baby foods | Spain | HPLC | 60 | 11 (18.3) | 0.03 ± 0.05 (Mean ± SD) | [48] |
| AFB2 | 1 (1.7) | 0.01 ± 0.02 (Mean ± SD) | |||||
| AFG1 | 6 (10) | 0.02 ± 0.04 (Mean ± SD) | |||||
| AFG2 | 1 (1.7) | 0.01 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SD) | |||||
| AFM1 | Baby formula | Lebanese | ELISA | 84 | 8 (9.5) | 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L | [54] |
| AFM1 | Breast milk | Mexico | ELISA | 123 | 123 (100) | 17.04 ng/L | [31] |
| AFM1 | Breast milk | Turkey | HPLC | 100 | 53 (53) | 6.36 ng/L | [58] |
| AFM1 |
Breast milk (BM) and infant powdered milk (IPM) |
Brazil | HPLC |
94 (BM) 16 (IPM) |
5 (5.3) 7 (43.8) |
0.018 ± 0.005 (BM) 0.024 ± 0.01 (IPM) |
[59] |
| AFM1 | Breast milk | Iran | ELISA | 85 | 85 (100) | 5.91 ng/L | [60] |
| AFM1 | Baby formula | Turkey | HPLC | 62 | 5 (8) | 0.018 μg/kg | [32] |
AF aflatoxin, ND not determined, BM breast milk, IPM infant powdered milk