Table 2.
Characteristics of HIV-Positive Women Assessed for Trichomonas vaginalisa Across Study Visits in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (n = 46,046)
| N (%) | TV at visit (n = 1,299) | No TV at visit (n = 44,747) | p b | Unadjusted ORc (95% CI) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recruitment wave | |||||
| 1994/95 | 809 (62.3) | 29,245 (65.4) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| 2001/02 | 306 (23.6) | 11,318 (25.3) | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | |
| 2011/12 | 63 (4.8) | 1,950 (4.3) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | |
| 2013/15 | 121 (9.3) | 2,234 (5.0) | 1.70 (1.31–2.21) | 2.40 (1.83–3.14) | |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <30 | 133 (10.2) | 3,002 (6.7) | <0.0001 | 3.37 (2.56–4.44) | 1.94 (1.37–2.75) |
| 30–39 | 518 (39.9) | 13,208 (29.5) | 2.95 (2.38–3.65) | 1.84 (1.40–2.41) | |
| 40–49 | 490 (37.7) | 16,929 (37.8) | 2.07 (1.69–2.53) | 1.48 (1.15–1.91) | |
| 50+ | 158 (12.2) | 11,608 (26.0) | Reference | Reference | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic African American | 982 (75.6) | 23,094 (51.6) | <0.0001 | 4.94 (3.22–7.59) | 3.97 (2.64–5.98) |
| Hispanic | 120 (9.2) | 11,503 (25.7) | 1.23 (0.75–2.01) | 1.11 (0.69–1.80) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 153 (11.8) | 4,815 (10.8) | 3.71 (2.28–6.05) | 3.80 (2.40–6.02) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 44 (3.4) | 5,335 (11.9) | Reference | Reference | |
| Household income, ≤$18,000 annual | 1,068 (82.2) | 30,003 (67.1) | <0.0001 | 1.77 (1.52–2.07) | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) |
| Education level, <HS | 586 (45.1) | 16,756 (37.5) | <0.0001 | 1.37 (1.15–1.63) | 1.21 (1.03–1.44) |
| Drinks per week, >7 | 250 (19.3) | 3,854 (8.6) | <0.0001 | 1.97 (1.64–2.37) | 1.30 (1.08–1.58) |
| Current smoker | 895 (68.9) | 19,011 (42.5) | <0.0001 | 2.47 (2.12–2.87) | 1.71 (1.44–2.01) |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D), ≥16 | 694 (53.4) | 16,834 (37.6) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.47–1.86) | 1.31 (1.15–1.50) |
| Sexual activity/condom use | |||||
| No recent vaginal sex | 335 (25.8) | 17,204 (38.5) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| Condom use always, ≥1 partner | 544 (41.9) | 17,064 (38.1) | 1.56 (1.34–1.81) | 1.25 (1.06–1.48) | |
| Sometimes/never condom use, 1 partner | 286 (22.0) | 8,892 (19.9) | 1.59 (1.32–1.91) | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | |
| Sometimes/never condom use, >1 partner | 134 (10.3) | 1,587 (3.5) | 3.37 (2.66–4.27) | 1.71 (1.32–2.20) | |
| Had sex for drugs, money, and/or shelter, yes | 146 (11.2) | 1,062 (2.4) | <0.0001 | 3.93 (3.12–4.95) | 2.07 (1.64–2.62) |
| Hormonal contraceptive use, yes | 59 (4.5) | 2,923 (6.5) | 0.004 | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) |
| Menopausal status, menopausal | 232 (17.9) | 13,831 (30.9) | <0.0001 | 0.50 (0.42–0.58) | 0.72 (0.59–0.90) |
| Enrollment site/locatione | |||||
| Bronx, NY | 184 (14.2) | 8,568 (19.2) | <0.0001 | Reference | |
| Brooklyn, NY | 201 (15.5) | 8,555 (19.1) | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | ||
| Washington DC | 196 (15.1) | 6,162 (13.8) | 1.50 (1.09–2.06) | ||
| Los Angeles, CA | 70 (5.4) | 6,894 (15.4) | 0.48 (0.32–0.72) | ||
| San Francisco, CA | 248 (19.1) | 5,968 (13.3) | 1.94 (1.43–2.64) | ||
| Chicago, IL | 279 (21.5) | 6,366 (14.2) | 1.98 (1.45–2.69) | ||
| Chapel Hill, NC | 15 (1.1) | 550 (1.2) | 1.16 (0.65–2.07) | ||
| Atlanta, GA | 60 (4.6) | 673 (1.5) | 3.67 (2.43–5.56) | ||
| Miami, FL | 16 (1.2) | 373 (0.8) | 1.84 (0.92–3.68) | ||
| Birmingham, AB | 10 (0.8) | 300 (0.7) | 1.46 (0.75–2.83) | ||
| Jackson, MS | 20 (1.5) | 338 (0.8) | 2.54 (1.26–5.10) | ||
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | |||||
| <200 | 331 (25.5) | 6,725 (15.0) | <0.0001 | 1.95 (1.62–2.35) | 1.64 (1.34–2.00) |
| 200–499 | 549 (42.3) | 17,643 (39.4) | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | |
| ≥500 | 419 (32.2) | 20,379 (45.6) | Reference | Reference | |
| Detectable viral load at visit, yes | 1,000 (77.0) | 24,408 (54.6) | <0.0001 | 2.13 (1.88–2.42) | 1.35 (1.14–1.59) |
| HAART use at visit, yes | 511 (39.3) | 27,853 (62.3) | <0.0001 | 0.46 (0.41–0.52) | 0.71 (0.60–0.83) |
Bold highlights significant comparison.
a
Determined through wet prep/saline mount.
b
p-Values obtained from chi-square tests.
c
Results are from the GEE model to control for repeat measures.
d
Results are from the multivariable GEE model. All variables listed were included in the model with the exception of enrollment site/location.
e
Not included in multivariable model due to collinearity.
HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy.