Table 2.
Study characteristics of primary studies
| Study | Objective | Study Details | Study sample | Ethnicity or country of origin (n) | Trauma type (n) | Data Collection (Analysis) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Country | Dropout | Size | Age | Gender (male) | |||||
| Shearing et al. [53*] | Explore participants experience of reliving as part of TF-CBT | PE & CPT | UK | NR | N = 7 | Range 20–50 | 14.3% | British (6), afro-Caribbean British (3) | Physical and sexual assault; road traffic accidents; other (NS) | Interview using topic guide (IPA) |
| Vincent et al. [54*] | Explore asylum-seekers experience of TF-CBT and its acceptability | Imaginal reliving and/or Adapted testimony | UK | NR | N = 7 |
M = 29 (SD = 7.5) |
14.3% | Sudan (2), Zimbabwe (1), Afghanistan (1), Burundi (2), Iraq (1) | Physical assault (2), threats (1) and torture (1); sexual assault (3) witnessed others or family members harmed, killed, or captured (4), raped (2), torture (1), war (1), found child murdered (1), imprisonment (1) | Semi-structured interview (IPA) |
| Lowe and Murray [55*] | Understand aspects of TF-CBT that service users perceive as most useful | TF-CBT | UK | NR | N = 9 |
M = 53 (SD = 10.6) |
44% | NS | NS | Semi-structured interview (IPA) |
| Murray et al. [56*] | Explore how site-visits, as part of TF-CBT, are experienced | TF-CBT | UK | NR | N = 25 | M = 40.76 (Range 28–65) | 73.9% | White British (15), Black British (4) South Asian (3), Middle-Eastern (1), white background (2) | Physical assaults (8), accidents (5), medical traumas (5), military trauma (2), witnessing a murder (2), domestic abuse (1), rape (1) and acts of terrorism (1) | Questionnaire with free text items (GT) |
| Hundt et al. [57*] | Understand veterans’ experiences of PE & CPT | PE & CPT | USA | NR | N = 23 |
M = 53.74 (SD = 12.2) |
73.9% | Non-Hispanic white (8); African American (10); Native American (1); Asian (2) | NS | Interview using guide (GT) |
| Hundt et al. [58*] | Examine veterans’ experiences & reasons for dropping out of PE or CPT | PE & CPT | USA | 100% | N = 28 |
M = 45.32 (SD = 15.2) |
60.7% | Non-Hispanic white (7); African American (17); Hispanic Latino (4) | Combat (8); military sexual trauma (7); other military trauma (8); non-military trauma (5) | Qualitative interview (GT) |
| Boterhoven de Haan et al. [59*] | Explore patients’ and therapists’ experiences with TFT in patients with childhood trauma | ImRe or EMDR | Australia, Germany & Netherlands | NR | N = 13 |
M = 40 (SD = 12.2) |
27.3% | Australian (12), German (25), Dutch (7) | Childhood trauma: sexual abuse/assault (23); physical abuse (13); other (8) | Semi-structured interview (TA) |
| Doran et al. [60*] | Understand veterans’ experiences with receiving PE and CPT in VA | CPT & PE | UK | 44% | N = 18 | M = 47.11 (SD = 15.3) | 77.8% | Caucasian (10); African American (5); Hispanic/Latino (3) | Military trauma; non-military, sexual trauma; acts of war/perpetration; non-military, childhood abuse; other (NS) | Structured interview w. open-ended question (QCR) |
| Eastwood et al. [38*] | Explore young people’s experience of TF-CBT | TF-CBT | Australia | 26% | N = 13 |
M = 20.0 (SD = 2.6) |
30.8% | Australian (10); Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (1); Outside of Australia (3) | Physical assault (11); sexual assault (10); uncomfortable sexual experience (9); assault with a weapon (5) | Semi-structured interview (IPA) |
TF-CBT Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, PE Prolonged exposure, CPT Cognitive processing therapy, ImRs Imaginary rescripting, EMDR Eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, VA Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, GT Grounded theory, CQR Consensual Qualitative Research, TA Thematic Analysis, SD Standard deviation, NS Not stated, NR Not relevant. For dropout, some studies are marked as not relevant because participants were recruited if they had completed therapy or trauma-focused intervention