Table 2.
Medical disease and biomarkers
| Not depressed (PHQ-9 < 5) and no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 9,301) |
Depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | Cohen’s d§ | Test for depression with DP/DR versus depression only |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 599) |
DP/DR (CDS-2 ≥ 1) (n = 522) |
||||
| Hypertension, % (n) | 50.2% (4664/9300) | 48.8% (292/598) | 46.4% (241/519) | 0.44 | |
| Systolic blood pressure in mm Hg, mean (SD) | 132.3 (17.6) | 128.1 (16.1) | 127.6 (15.9) | -0.03 | 0.61 |
| LDL/HDL ratio, mean (SD) | 2.58 (0.92) | 2.56 (0.94) | 2.70 (1.00) | 0.14 | 0.017 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) in mg/dl, median (Q1/Q3) | 1.50 (0.50/3.00) | 2.00 (0.93/4.10) | 1.90 (0.89/4.20) | 0.00 | 0.77 |
| Coronary artery disease, % (n) | 4.0% (367/9187) | 5.4% (32/589) | 5.8% (30/514) | 0.79 | |
| Peripheral artery disease, % (n) | 2.8% (256/9233) | 4.2% (25/590) | 6.8% (35/513) | 0.063 | |
| Stroke, % (n) | 1.6% (148/9272) | 3.0% (18/594) | 2.5% (13/517) | 0.72 | |
| Heart Failure, % (n) | 1.0% (95/9297) | 2.8% (17/599 | 2.5% (13/521) | 0.85 | |
| CKD, % (n) | 0.8% (78/9299) | 1.3% (8/599) | 1.1% (6/522) | 0.36 | |
| COPD, % (n) | 3.9% (366/9297) | 9.3% (56/599) | 10.9% (57/522) | 0.43 | |
| Diabetes, % (n) | 8.4% (782/9301) | 10.9% (65/599) | 11.9% (62/522) | 0.64 | |
| Cancer, % (n) | 8.5% (791/9294) | 8.7% (52/598) | 10.2% (53/521) | 0.41 | |
Continuous variables are described by mean values with standard deviation in brackets (SD) or median values with 1st and 3rd Quantil in brackets (Q1 / Q3) if they are skew. Discrete variables are described through relative and absolute frequencies. Baseline data were compared by Chi-square test for dichotomous variables, t-tests for normally distributed continuous variables, and Wilcox rank sum test for more skewed continuous data
Note: In the comparison of participants who are depressed with those not depressed, all variables differed significantly except for hypertension, CKD, and cancer
§Cohen’s for continuous variables