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. 2024 Mar 9;7:304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-05976-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Performance accuracy (%) across blocks on social and non-social condition of different tDCS groups. b Reaction time (ms) across blocks on social and non-social condition of different tDCS groups. The y-axis of (a) and (b) indicate the raw performance data, with each dot representing an individual participant. The significance levels compare social and non-social conditions. c tDCS modulation of Social compared to Non-social hierarchy learning performance accuracy (left) and reaction time (right) across blocks during Training phase. The y-axis indicates the raw data of social minus non-social condition, with each dot representing an individual participant. The significance levels compare effects among Cathode, Sham, and Anode stimulation on the differences between social and non-social conditions. All significance levels labeled were estimated by the marginal average effect across all individuals and time periods in the panel regression (N = 128: Cathode=42, Sham=44, Anode=42; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.005, *** indicates p < 0.001, ns indicates non-significant). Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.