Figure 2. A standardized correlated factors depiction of the three lower-order externalizing common factors depicted in the measurement models.

In order to extract influences of within-substance intercorrelations, the residuals of PTU and SI, CUD and CI, and PAU and DPW are correlated across the SUB and SUD factors. SUB_G0 is the lower-order Substance Use factor, SUD_G0 is the lower-order Substance Use Disorder factor, and BD_G0 is the lower-order Behavioral Disinhibition factor. Each factor describes four indicators, the latter of which are defined by the summary results from genome-wide association studies for the trait in question. The g subscripts denote genomic variance. In addition to SUB_G0, SUD_G0, and BD_G0, the single trait indicators are represented as latent factors to demonstrate that their genomic properties are not directly observed. CI = Cannabis Initiation, SI = Smoking Initiation, DRUG = Drug Experimentation (the number of different classes of drugs an individual has used out of eleven), DPW = Drinks Per Week, FSEX = Age at First Sexual Intercourse (reverse-coded), ADHD = Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, NSEX = Number of Lifetime Sexual Partners, RISK = General Risk Tolerance; OUD = Opioid Use Disorder, CUD = Cannabis Use Disorder, PAU = Problem Alcohol Use, PTU = Problem Tobacco Use. *p < .05. Standard errors are in parentheses, and dotted paths denote non-significance.