Fig. 4. Hierarchical brain integration from macaque eigenmodes is reshaped by loss and recovery of consciousness.

a | Eigenmode-based hierarchical integration is significantly reduced in the macaque brain under anaesthesia, whether induced by sevoflurane, propofol, or ketamine. ***p < 0.001 from linear mixed effects modelling (two-sided, FDR-corrected), compared against Awake condition. N = 24 runs from 3 animals for Awake; 18 runs from 3 animals for Light Sevoflurane; 21 runs from 3 animals for Light Propofol; 11 runs from 2 animals for Deep Sevoflurane; 23 runs from 3 animals for Deep Propofol; 22 runs from 3 animals for Ketamine anaesthesia. b | Eigenmode-based hierarchical integration is reduced by anaesthesia and increased by electrical stimulation of the centro-median thalamus with high current, as well as stimulation of the ventral-lateral thalamus. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 from linear mixed effects modelling (two-sided, FDR-corrected), compared against no stimulation (“off”) condition during anaesthesia. N = 36 runs from 3 animals for Awake; 28 runs from 2 animals for anaesthesia (DBS-off); 31 runs from 2 animals for low amplitude centro-median thalamic DBS; 25 runs from 2 animals for high amplitude centro-median thalamic DBS; 18 runs from 1 animal for low amplitude ventro-lateral thalamic DBS; 18 runs from 1 animal for high amplitude ventro-lateral thalamic DBS. Box plots: central line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× interquartile range; within each panel, dots of the same colour are provided by the same animal. See Supplementary Data 21 and Supplementary Data 22 for full statistical results.