Table 3.

Hierarchical regression analysis of maternal parenting stress (2 months) and postpartum bonding (6 months) by pre-pregnancy food insecurity, depressive symptoms, and demographic characteristics (N = 115).

	Parenting stress				Postpartum bonding
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
Variables	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Food insecurity
High food security (ref)
Marginal food security	−0.57	0.92	−1.07	0.95	−1.85	2.80	−0.86	2.89
Low food security	0.67	0.82	−0.45	0.88	−7.85**	2.49	−3.96	2.68
Very low food security	3.69**	1.10	3.27**	1.12	−7.35*	3.36	−5.18	3.41
Psychosocial variables
Depressive symptomsa			0.09*	0.03			−0.16	0.11
Social supportb			−0.04*	0.02			0.17**	0.06
Race/ethnicity
White (reference)
Black			−0.33	0.79			−1.84	2.41
Hispanic			0.90	0.93			−0.63	2.83
American Indian			−0.65	0.89			1.51	2.71
Other race			−0.70	2.23			4.02	6.81
Education (in years)			0.24	0.17			−0.42	0.53
Married or cohabiting			0.66	0.73			−5.31*	2.22
Parity			−0.28	0.21			−0.76	0.63
Constant	8.51***	0.46	6.83*	2.88	125.85***	1.41	125.60***	8.80
Adj. R2	0.10		0.21		0.09		0.20

***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. ^aMeasured in the 3rd trimester; ^bmeasured in the 2nd trimester. Food insecurity and socio-demographic variables were measured in the 1st trimester.