Table 3.
Association between birth conditions (preterm, SGA, and AGA) and thinness and stunting in childhood and early adolescence.
| 2 years | 6–7 years | 10–11 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thinness | Stunting | Thinness | Stunting | Thinness | Stunting | |
| AOR[95%CI] | AOR[95%CI] | AOR[95%CI] | AOR[95%CI] | AOR[95%CI] | AOR[95%CI] | |
| Study group | ||||||
| AGA (ref) | ||||||
| Preterm | 1.42[0.46, 4.37] | 1.43[0.87, 2.34] | 0.24+[0.06, 1.02] | 1.38[0.68, 2.82] | 0.27*[0.08, 0.87] | 0.14+[0.02, 1.05] |
| SGA | 2.45+[0.99, 6.06] | 2.40***[1.54, 3.76] | 2.57**[1.43, 4.61] | 2.25**[1.24, 4.08] | 1.56[0.87, 2.79] | 1.49[0.72, 3.10] |
| Female | 0.64[0.31, 1.30] | 0.74+[0.55, 1.00] | 0.95[0.61, 1.50] | 1.20[0.78, 1.85] | 1.06[0.69, 1.61] | 1.74*[1.00, 3.01] |
| Early initiation of breast feeding | 1.47[0.71, 3.03] | 1.46*[1.08, 1.98] | 0.84[0.53, 1.32] | 0.92[0.60, 1.42] | 1.02[0.67, 1.57] | 1.21[0.70, 2.10] |
| Child morbidity | ||||||
| ARI | 1.77[0.85, 3.67] | 0.74*[0.55, 1.00] | 1.36[0.86, 2.15] | 1.14[0.73, 1.76] | 1.07[0.70, 1.64] | 1.52[0.88, 2.65] |
| Diarrhea | 1.17[0.34, 4.06] | 0.97[0.53, 1.77] | 1.53[0.68, 3.45] | 0.72[0.29, 1.78] | 1.71[0.78, 3.72] | 0.89[0.29, 2.71] |
| Maternal factors | ||||||
| Age | 1.04[0.95, 1.13] | 0.98[0.94, 1.02] | 1.02[0.96, 1.08] | 0.99[0.93, 1.04] | 0.96[0.91, 1.02] | 1.00[0.93, 1.07] |
| Mother height | 0.98[0.91, 1.05] | 0.88***[0.85, 0.91] | 1.03[0.99, 1.08] | 0.86***[0.81, 0.90] | 1.03[0.99, 1.08] | 0.87***[0.82, 0.92] |
| BMI | ||||||
| Normal BMI (18.5–<23) (ref) | ||||||
| Low BMI (<18.5) | 1.38[0.66, 2.87] | 1.10[0.79, 1.52] | 1.92**[1.21, 3.05] | 1.47[0.93, 2.32] | 2.11***[1.38, 3.22] | 1.55[0.89, 2.70] |
| High BMI (≥23) | 0.58[0.08, 4.50] | 0.84[0.42, 1.65] | 0.42[0.10, 1.81] | 0.54[0.16, 1.82] | 0.19[0.03, 1.44] | 1.00[1.00, 1.00] |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary school (ref) | ||||||
| Secondary school | 0.34*[0.13, 0.87] | 0.82[0.50, 1.35] | 0.40**[0.20, 0.80] | 1.27[0.58, 2.78] | 0.58[0.29, 1.17] | 0.96[0.39, 2.32] |
| High school | 0.30*[0.10, 0.97] | 0.61+[0.34, 1.08] | 0.35*[0.15, 0.79] | 0.60[0.24, 1.53] | 0.59[0.27, 1.29] | 0.60[0.20, 1.73] |
| College or higher | 0.20+[0.04, 1.01] | 0.38*[0.17, 0.85] | 0.73[0.26, 2.10] | 0.41[0.11, 1.50] | 0.67[0.22, 2.01] | 0.22+[0.04, 1.30] |
| Occupation (farmer) | 1.24[0.91, 1.68] | 1.04[0.88, 1.23] | 0.93[0.70, 1.23] | 0.97[0.75, 1.25] | 0.98[0.77, 1.26] | 1.12[0.85, 1.48] |
| ≥ 2 child | 0.93[0.19, 4.47] | 1.05[0.54, 2.07] | 0.78[0.30, 2.03] | 1.21[0.43, 3.40] | 0.71[0.29, 1.74] | 1.48[0.33, 6.72] |
| Household factors | ||||||
| Socio-economic status | ||||||
| High (ref) | ||||||
| Middle | 1.06[0.43, 2.61] | 1.35[0.91, 2.01] | 1.28[0.70, 2.35] | 0.67[0.38, 1.18] | 0.97[0.54, 1.74] | 0.79[0.38, 1.66] |
| Low | 0.82[0.33, 2.07] | 1.11[0.75, 1.66] | 1.18[0.63, 2.18] | 0.60+[0.34, 1.05] | 1.44[0.82, 2.51] | 1.04[0.52, 2.09] |
Significant difference: +p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. All estimates were from multiple logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding factors including at child (sex, age, early initiation of breast feeding, morbidity), maternal levels (age, height, BMI, education, occupation, number of children) and household socio-economic status. AGA, Appropriate for gestational age; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; ARI, Acute respiratory infections; BMI, Body mass index; CI, Confidence interval; SGA, small for gestational age. Stunting was defined as HAZ below -2 Z-score. Thinness was defined as BMIZ below -2 Z-score (38).