Table 2.
Prevalence rate (PR) for Turner syndrome in 1990 and 2019 and their estimated annual percent change (EAPCs).
| TS (per 100,000) | PR at birth | PR for children younger than 1 year | ASPR | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 (95% UI) | 2019 (95% UI) | EAPC (1990–2019, 95%CI) | 1990 (95% UI) | 2019 (95% UI) | EAPC (1990–2019, 95%CI) | 1990 (95% UI) | 2019 (95% UI) | EAPC (1990–2019, 95%CI) | |
| Global | 51.1 (35.3–68.7) | 53.1 (36.7–71.5) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 51.0 (35.4–68.5) | 49.2 (34.2–66.1) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 22.6 (16.5–29.1) | 21.6 (15.8–28.2) | −0.16 (−0.16 to −0.15) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 51.1 (35.3–68.7) | 53.1 (36.7–71.5) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 51.0 (35.4–68.5) | 49.2 (34.2–66.1) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 22.6 (16.5–29.1) | 21.6 (15.8–28.2) | −0.16 (−0.16 to −0.15) |
| Male | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) |
| SDI region | |||||||||
| Low | 64.5 (42.9–88.6) | 64.7 (43.0–89.1) | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.02) | 62.2 (41.4–85.7) | 61.9 (41.4–85.1) | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | 19.2 (13.6–25.6) | 19.2 (13.7–25.6) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) |
| Low-middle | 53.8 (35.9–73.3) | 55.1 (37.0–75.4) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13) | 52.8 (35.5–72.3) | 51.5 (34.4–70.2) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.13) | 17.1 (12.4–22.8) | 17.7 (12.7–23.4) | 0.12 (0.11 to 0.14) |
| Middle | 40.2 (27.7–53.7) | 39.0 (27.2–52.0) | −0.16 (−0.25 to −0.07) | 37.5 (26.2–50.3) | 38.6 (26.7–51.5) | −0.15 (−0.24 to −0.06) | 15.8 (11.6–20.6) | 16.7 (12.2–21.7) | 0.22 (0.19 to 0.25) |
| Middle-high | 32.5 (23.0–42.9) | 30.4 (21.6–40.1) | −0.34 (−0.39 to −0.29) | 29.6 (21.1–39.2) | 31.7 (22.4–41.8) | −0.33 (−0.38 to −0.29) | 18.2 (13.5–23.6) | 16.8 (12.5–21.8) | −0.29 (−0.32 to −0.25) |
| High | 88.1 (63.8–114.4) | 86.2 (62.5–112.0) | −0.13 (−0.17 to −0.09) | 84.5 (61.4–109.8) | 86.6 (62.9–112.8) | −0.13 (−0.17 to −0.10) | 53.0 (39.5–67.9) | 50.0 (37.0–63.8) | −0.22 (−0.24 to −0.21) |
| GBD region | |||||||||
| Andean Latin America | 46.7 (31.8–64.0) | 31.4 (21.7–42.4) | −1.53 (−1.65 to −1.41) | 30.3 (21.0–40.7) | 45.0 (30.7–61.8) | −1.53 (−1.64 to −1.41) | 16.5 (11.9–21.9) | 13.5 (9.9–17.7) | −0.76 (−0.83 to −0.70) |
| Australasia | 44.7 (32.4–58.7) | 40.9 (29.4–54.0) | −0.28 (−0.32 to −0.25) | 40.5 (29.2–53.7) | 44.7 (32.3–58.3) | −0.31 (−0.34 to −0.28) | 24.1 (17.9–31.5) | 23.6 (17.2–30.8) | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.06) |
| Caribbean | 42.6 (29.0–57.5) | 39.5 (27.0–53.5) | −0.44 (−0.51 to −0.37) | 37.8 (25.9–51.2) | 40.5 (27.6–54.6) | −0.42 (−0.49 to −0.35) | 16.3 (11.8–21.3) | 15.6 (11.4–20.5) | −0.23 (−0.27 to −0.19) |
| Central Asia | 40.2 (27.7–54.4) | 37.3 (25.5–50.1) | −0.53 (−0.63 to −0.43) | 35.9 (24.6–48.3) | 38.6 (26.6–52.2) | −0.52 (−0.62 to −0.42) | 16.2 (11.6–21.3) | 15.6 (11.2–20.4) | −0.25 (−0.30 to −0.20) |
| Central Europe | 38.1 (27.4–50.2) | 30.1 (21.9–39.2) | −0.66 (−0.96 to −0.37) | 29.5 (21.4–38.5) | 37.1 (26.8–48.8) | −0.63 (−0.92 to −0.35) | 20.9 (15.5–27.1) | 18.6 (13.7–24.1) | −0.27 (−0.41 to −0.13) |
| Central Latin America | 108.1 (75.3–142.3) | 90.5 (64.9–118.8) | −0.68 (−0.72 to −0.64) | 87.7 (63.2–115.4) | 103.9 (72.9–137.1) | −0.63 (−0.68 to −0.59) | 45.1 (33.5–57.7) | 46.5 (34.8–59.5) | 0.09 (0.06 to 0.11) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 63.4 (42.5–88.2) | 67.1 (44.9–93.0) | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) | 64.4 (43.3–88.7) | 60.9 (40.9–84.9) | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.24) | 19.0 (13.4–25.4) | 19.7 (13.8–26.3) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.12) |
| East Asia | 23.6 (16.5–31.7) | 25.1 (17.7–33.5) | 0.51 (0.40 to 0.62) | 24.3 (17.2–32.5) | 22.9 (16.1–30.8) | 0.50 (0.39 to 0.61) | 12.0 (8.8–15.6) | 12.6 (9.4–16.4) | 0.30 (0.26 to 0.34) |
| Eastern Europe | 22.3 (15.6–29.8) | 21.0 (14.7–28.1) | −0.55 (−0.68 to −0.42) | 20.4 (14.3–27.2) | 21.7 (15.2–29.1) | −0.53 (−0.65 to −0.40) | 11.2 (8.1–14.8) | 10.9 (7.9–14.3) | −0.25 (−0.33 to −0.17) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 64.5 (42.9–88.0) | 63.2 (42.4–86.9) | −0.12 (−0.16 to −0.08) | 60.7 (40.8–83.7) | 61.9 (41.2–84.6) | −0.12 (−0.16 to −0.08) | 19.4 (13.7–25.8) | 19.3 (13.9–25.6) | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 115.0 (83.8–149.1) | 109.1 (79.2–142.2) | −0.32 (−0.35 to −0.28) | 107.3 (78.1–140.0) | 112.8 (82.1–145.9) | −0.29 (−0.32 to −0.26) | 68.1 (51.1–87.6) | 66.1 (49.2–84.8) | −0.16 (−0.18 to −0.15) |
| High-income North America | 97.8 (70.5–128.0) | 101.3 (72.3–132.6) | 0.11 (0.06 to 0.16) | 98.9 (70.8–129.2) | 96.3 (69.4–126.0) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.13) | 56.3 (41.7–72.5) | 54.0 (39.8–69.2) | −0.14 (−0.15 to −0.13) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 44.1 (30.0–59.9) | 32.1 (22.1–43.6) | −1.53 (−1.70 to −1.37) | 30.8 (21.3–41.8) | 42.1 (28.6–57.1) | −1.52 (−1.68 to −1.35) | 16.1 (11.6–21.1) | 13.5 (9.9–17.8) | −0.84 (−0.93 to −0.76) |
| Oceania | 36.2 (24.2–49.5) | 42.7 (28.2–59.9) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.90) | 40.9 (27.1–57.3) | 34.7 (23.3–47.4) | 0.80 (0.71 to 0.90) | 12.4 (8.8–16.5) | 13.4 (9.1–18.2) | 0.38 (0.33 to 0.44) |
| South Asia | 56.4 (37.4–77.5) | 60.8 (40.8–83.3) | 0.27 (0.24 to 0.30) | 58.2 (39.3–79.9) | 54.0 (35.8–74.0) | 0.27 (0.24 to 0.31) | 17.7 (12.7–23.3) | 18.6 (13.3–24.6) | 0.19 (0.18 to 0.20) |
| Southeast Asia | 31.8 (21.2–43.7) | 32.1 (21.6–43.9) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.29) | 30.9 (20.9–42.3) | 30.4 (20.3–41.8) | 0.22 (0.13 to 0.32) | 11.5 (8.3–15.3) | 11.8 (8.4–15.6) | 0.16 (0.12 to 0.20) |
| Southern Latin America | 50.4 (35.0–67.8) | 53.1 (37.2–71.3) | 0.18 (0.13 to 0.22) | 51.2 (36.0–68.8) | 48.7 (34.1–65.6) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.22) | 24.5 (17.6–31.9) | 24.7 (18.0–32.2) | −0.00 (−0.04 to 0.03) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 37.9 (25.6–51.3) | 43.8 (29.3–59.0) | 0.46 (0.12 to 0.79) | 42.2 (28.2–57.0) | 36.6 (24.7–49.4) | 0.45 (0.12 to 0.78) | 15.1 (10.9–19.7) | 16.3 (11.6–21.4) | 0.24 (0.06 to 0.42) |
| Tropical Latin America | 46.6 (32.2–62.2) | 38.0 (26.8–50.5) | −0.86 (−0.93 to −0.80) | 52.5 (35.3–75.3) | 51.1 (35.7–71.0) | −0.86 (−0.92 to −0.79) | 19.0 (13.9–24.8) | 18.2 (13.5–23.7) | 0.46 (0.43 to 0.48) |
| Western Europe | 88.9 (64.5–115.2) | 81.8 (59.7–105.8) | −0.33 (−0.38 to −0.27) | 94.6 (70.5–123.3) | 92.8 (68.0–124.2) | −0.32 (−0.37 to −0.27) | 53.3 (39.4–68.7) | 50.1 (37.1–64.2) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.14) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 56.1 (37.4–77.0) | 59.6 (39.6–81.5) | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.22) | 7.2 (4.5–10.3) | 7.2 (4.6–10.4) | 0.13 (0.04 to 0.22) | 17.7 (12.6–23.3) | 18.2 (13.0–23.8) | −0.09 (−0.14 to −0.05) |
TS, Turner syndrome; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate.