TABLE 1.
Longitudinal cohorts with outcomes and risk factors/stressors that can be used to identify therapeutic targets and elucidate disease mechanisms.
| Cohort | Acronym | Distinguishing feature | Available genetic and omics data | Imaging | Study website | Selected publications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religious Orders Study and Memory Aging Project and Minority Aging Research Study | ROS/MAP/MARS | Ethnically diverse | SNP, WGS, WES, methylation, acetylation, RNA‐seq, proteomics, metabolomics | MRI/DTI | https://www.radc.rush.edu/ | ROS/MAP: PMID:29865057; MARS: PMID:22471868 |
| National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center | NACC | Centralized data repository | MRI/DTI/PET | naccdata.org | PMID: 15592144 | |
| Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative | ADNI | Longitudinal imaging, ethnically diverse | GWAS, WGS | MRI/DTI/PET | https://adni.loni.usc.edu/ | PMID: 18302232 |
| Framingham Heart Study | FHS | Multigenerational, ethnically diverse | Microarray, Exome, WGS, targeted sequencing,methylation, RNA‐seq, miRNA‐seq, proteomics, lipidomics | framinghamheartstudy.org | PMID: 26705418, PMID: 33568140 | |
| UK Biobank | Dataset for half a million people in UK | WGS, WES, Telomeres | MRI/DTI | https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/ | PMID: 30305743 | |
| University of Washington Open Access Series of Imaging Studies | OASIS | Open‐access imaging datasets | MRI/DTI/PET | https://www.oasis‐brains.org/ | https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.13.19014902 | |
| National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site | NIAGADS | Open‐access datasets, national data repository for NIH‐funded research | GWAS, WGS, DNA microarray, RNA‐seq, methylation, proteomics, lipidomics | https://www.niagads.org/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.062285 | |
| Biomarkers of Cognitive Decline Among Normal Individuals | BIOCARD | Identifies factors associated with development of cognitive impairment | MRI/DTI/PET | https://biocard‐se.org/ | PMID: 25444602 | |
| Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging | BLSA | 95% cognitively unimpaired | MRI/DTI/PET | www.blsa.nih.gov | PMID: 19126858 | |
| Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention | WRAP | Longitudinal observational cohort, ethnically diverse | GWAS, WGS | MRI/DTI/PET | www.wrap.wisc.edu | PMID: 29322089 |
| Anti‐Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease | A4 | Studies anti‐amyloid treatments | MRI/PET | www.a4study.org | PMID: 24648338 | |
| Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project | VMAP | Includes vascular health | MRI/DTI/PET | https://www.vmacdata.org/ | PMID: 26967211 | |
| Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network | DIAN | Mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP | MRI/PET | https://dian.wustl.edu/our‐research/observational‐study/ | PMID: 37550416 | |
| Alzheimer Biomarkers Consortium—Down Syndrome | ABC‐DS | Down Syndrome | GWAS, karyotyping | MRI/PET | https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/abc‐ds | PMID: 37641577 |
| MindCrowd | MC | Online assessments of cognitive performance | SNP, WGS | Low‐field MRI | https://mindcrowd.org/ | PMID: 31210642 |
| Harvard Aging Brain Study | HABS | Ethnically diverse | MRI/PET | https://habs.mgh.harvard.edu/ | PMID: 29799986 | |
| Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project | WHICAP | Multi‐ethnic cohort | WES | MRI/DTI | http://www.columbianeuroresearch.org/taub/res‐normal.html | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/frbkj |
| Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities | ARIC | Largest heart health study in African Americans | MRI/PET | https://aric.cscc.unc.edu/aric9/ | PMID: 34786837 | |
| Australian Imaging Biomarkers & Lifestyle Flagship Study of Aging | AIBL | Longitudinal data collection | SNP, exome, methylation | MRI/PET | https://aibl.org.au/ | PMID: 35445885 |
| ADNI Worldwide | WW‐ADNI | World‐wide collaborative effort | Study‐dependent | MRI/PET | https://adni.loni.usc.edu/study-design/collaborative-studies/worldwide-adni/ | PMID: 35005206 |
| PResymptomatic EValuation of Experimental or Novel Treatments for AD | Prevent‐AD | Presymptomatic AD, open science datasets | SNP, RNA‐seq, targeted Proteomics | MRI/PET/Retinal | https://prevent‐alzheimer.net/ | PMID: 34192666 |
| Retirement Study | HRS | In‐depth interviews, ethnically diverse | SNP, exome, telomere length | https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/about | PMID: 35727298 |
Note: By mining individuals harboring a risk factor or stressor who have control‐like outcome values, we can investigate such targets and mechanisms in the context of resilience.