FIGURE 3.

Role of senescent immune cells in atherosclerotic plaque. The senescence of immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, foam cells, and T lymphocytes, plays a critical role in the formation, development and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. Altered cellular functionality due to immunosenescence results in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, amplifying plaque inflammation and facilitating the recruitment of additional immune cells. Taken together, immunosenescence has a major impact on plaque stability, interactions, and potential therapeutic approaches targeting these senescent immune components.