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Studies showing the near universal association of permanent brachial plexus injury with antecedent shoulder dystocia.
| Study | Year | # Deliveries | Injury (N) T – temporary P - permanent |
Association with Shoulder dystocia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolf | 2000 | 9,912 | T (56) P (16) |
88% 94% |
| Morrison | 1992 | 37,000 | T (75) P (7) |
100% 100% |
| Ouzounian | 1997 | 63 | P (63) | 96% |
| Ubachs | 1995 | 102 | P (102) | 100% |
| Allen | 2002 | 103 | P (103) | 94% |
