TABLE 1.

The effects of circadian disruption on cell functions in diseases.

Cell types	Models	Diseases	Findings	Refs
Microglia	Bmal1 deficiency	Asthma	Decrease pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increase anti‐inflammatory cytokines in microglial BV2 cells following LPS stimulation	75
Macrophages	Rev‐erbα deficiency	Rheumatoid arthritis	Abolish the circadian rhythmicity of IL‐6 in LPS‐induced macrophages and endotoxin‐treated mice	74
Macrophages	Jet lag	Melanoma	Induce the loss or inversion of daily patterns of M1 and M2 macrophages and cytokine levels	73
Microglia	Clock deficiency	Glioblastoma	Decrease intratumoral microglia infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and increase overall survival	76
Neutrophils	Rev‐erbα deficiency	Hepatic I/R	Aggravate hepatic I/R injury and significantly increases the number of neutrophils infiltrated to I/R liver	155
Neutrophils	Bmal1 deficiency	IBD	Abolish daily variations in granule contents and NETs formation	89
NK cells	Per1 deficiency	Lung cancer	Disrupt and alter the rhythmic levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ released by splenic NK cells	112
NK cells	Chronic shift‐lag	Autoimmune disease	Accelerate the aging process of NK cells, characterized by reduced expression of Ly49 and impaired release of granular CD107a and IFN‐γ	113
NK cells	Per2 deficiency	Non‐small cell lung cancer	Confer greater resistance to LPS‐induced endotoxic shock, which could be attributed to decreased production of IFN‐γ/IL‐1β and suppression of NK cell function	156
NK cells	Bmal1 deficiency	IBD	Reduce ILC3s counts in the small intestine and increase the frequency of ILC3s in the mesenteric lymph nodes	23
ILCs	Rev‐erbα deficiency	IBD	Reduce the cell numbers of NKp46+ ILC3 subset, RORγt expression, and IL‐22 production, whereas increase IL‐17 secretion paradoxically	116
ILCs	Bmal1 deficiency	IBD	Decrease in the population of ILC3 within the small intestine of mice	115
DCs	Clock deficiency	Autoimmune inflammation	Diminish the capacity for TH17‐cell differentiation and reduce TH17‐cell frequencies in the gut	102
T cells	Clock deficiency	B‐cell lymphoma	Impair B‐cell development and lead to a significant reduction in B‐cell populations in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow	107
B cells	Bmal1 deficiency	Lymphomas	Disrupt the oscillation of B‐cell numbers in lymph nodes	101

Abbreviations: Bmal1, Brain and Muscle ARNT‐Like 1; Clock, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput; DCs, dendritic cells; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL, interleukin; ILC3s, Group 3 innate lymphoid cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; NK, natural killer; Per1, period 1; Per2, period 2; Rev‐erbα, nuclear reverse erythroblastosis virus heme receptor α; RORγt, retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γt; T_H17, T helper 17.