Table 3.
Results of the risk of bias and quality assessments.
| Cross-sectional studies: | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author/s (Date) | Representativeness of sample | Sample size | Non-respondents | Risk factor measure | Comparability | Assessment of outcome | Statistical test | Quality rating | |
| Arcelus et al. (2016) [11] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Almazan et al. (2021) [33] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Andrew et al. (2020) [34] | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||||
| Austin et al. (2020) [35] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Azeem et al. (2019) [36] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Barboza et al. (2016) [37] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Başar & Öz. (2016) [38] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Bauer et al. (2015) [21] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Becerra et al. (2021) [40] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Brennan et al. (2017) [39] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Bosse et al. (2022) [41] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Budhwani et al. (2018) [42] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Burish et al. (2022) [43] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Busby et al. (2020) [104] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Campbell et al. (2023) [45] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Cerel et al. (2021) [46] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Chen et al. (2019) [47] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Chen et al. (2020) [48] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Chinazzo et al. (2023) [49] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Claes et al. (2015) [50] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Cogan et al. (2020) [51] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Cogan et al. (2021a) [52] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Cogan et al. (2021b) [53] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Cramer et al. (2022) [54] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| de Graaf et al. (2020) [99] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | High | |||
| dickey et al. (2015) [57] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Drescher et al. (2021) [58] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Drescher et al. (2023) [59] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Edwards et al. (2019) [60] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Goldblum et al. (2012) [61] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Gower et al. (2018) [62] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Green et al. (2021) [63] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Grossman & D'Augelli (2007) [64] | Y | YY | Y | YY | Y | High | |||
| Grossman et al. (2016) [65] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Jackman et al. (2018) [13] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Kaplan et al. (2016) [66] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Klein & Golub (2018) [68] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Kota et al. (2020) [69] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Kuper et al. (2018) [70] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Maguen & Shipherd (2010) [72] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Maksut et al. (2020) [74] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Marx et al. (2019) [75] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | ||
| Moody & Smith (2013) [76] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Parr & Howe. (2019) [77] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Perez-Brumer et al. (2015) [78] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Rabasco & Andover (2020) [79] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Ross-Reed et al. (2019) [7] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Russell et al. (2018) [44] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Scheim et al. (2020) [80] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Seelman. (2016) [81] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||
| Snooks & McLaren (2020) [82] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Staples et al. (2018) [83] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Strauss et al. (2019) [84] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Strauss et al. (2020) [85] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Suen et al. (2018) [86] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Taliaferro et al. (2018) [87] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Taliaferro et al., (2019) [88] | Y | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | |
| Tebbe & Moradi. (2016) [89] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Testa et al. (2012) [90] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Testa et al. (2017) [91] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Y | High | |
| Toomey et al. (2018) [92] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Treharne et al. (2020) [93] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Trujillo et al. (2017) [94] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Turban et al. (2019) [95] | Y | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | |
| Veale et al. (2017) [15] | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | |||
| Veale et al. (2021) [96] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Wang et al. (2021) [97] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Woodford et al. (2018) [98] | Y | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Yadegarfard et al. (2014) [99] | Y | YY | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Yockey et al. (2020a) [100] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Yockey et al. (2022) [101] | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | Y | High | ||
| Zeluf et al. (2018) [102] | Y | YY | YY | Y | Y | High | |||
| Zwickl et al. (2021) [103] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate | ||||
| Cohort/Longitudinal studies: | |||||||||
| Author/s (Date) | Representativeness of exposed cohort | Selection of non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration outcome of interest was not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on basis of design or analysis (Max 2*) | Assessment of exposure | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Quality rating |
| Kaplan et al. (2020) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Medium | ||||
| Case-Control Studies: | |||||||||
| Author/s (Date) | Case Definition Adequate | Representativeness of Cases | Selection of Controls | Definition of Controls | Comparability of cases & controls | Ascertainment of exposure | Same method for cases & controls | Non-response rate | Quality rating |
| Davey et al. (2016) | Y | Y | Y | Y | YY | Y | High | ||
NB. Ratings were in accord with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scales adapted for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort & longitudinal studies.