Table 2.
Use of Highly or Moderately Effective Contraception, by Age and Medicaid Expansion Status
| Age group | Expansion states, 2013 % (95% CI) | Expansion states, 2019 % (95% CI) | Expansion states, % change from 2013 to 2019 | Expansion states, 2013 versus 2019,p-valuea | Nonexpansion states, 2013 % (95% CI) | Nonexpansion states, 2019 % (95% CI) | Nonexpansion states, % change from 2013 to 2019 | Nonexpansion states, 2013 versus 2019, p-valuea | Difference in difference, p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All ages | |||||||||
| Any methodb | 35.1 (33.1, 37.0) | 39.7 (37.6, 41.8) | +13.1 | <0.001 | 28.4 (25.9, 31.0) | 32.7 (29.0, 36.5) | +15.1 | 0.040 | 0.962 |
| IUD/implant | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | 7.1 (5.9, 8.4) | +238.1 | <0.001 | 3.0 (2.4, 3.8) | 6.6 (5.0, 8.5) | +120.0 | <0.001 | 0.047 |
| Birth-control pills | 25.7 (23.8, 27.6) | 27.7 (25.7, 29.9) | +7.8 | 0.147 | 17.2 (15.1, 19.5) | 21.4 (18.9, 24.2) | +24.4 | 0.009 | 0.192 |
| Injectable, patch, or ring | 7.3 (6.3, 8.6) | 4.9 (3.9, 6.0) | −32.9 | 0.005 | 8.2 (7.0, 9.4) | 4.7 (3.8, 5.8) | −42.7 | <0.001 | 0.492 |
| Age <16 years | |||||||||
| Any methodb | 19.4 (16.6, 22.5) | 27.3 (23.6, 31.5) | +40.7 | 0.001 | 19.7 (16.2, 23.9) | 27.3 (19.6, 36.7) | +38.6 | 0.162 | 0.764 |
| IUD/implant | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 4.3 (2.8, 6.7) | +377.8 | <0.001 | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 8.3 (3.2, 19.6) | +336.8 | 0.021 | 0.939 |
| Birth-control pills | 12.9 (10.8, 15.3) | 18.5 (15.1, 22.5) | +43.4 | 0.004 | 10.8 (8.5, 13.6) | 16.1 (12.7, 20.2) | +49.1 | 0.045 | 0.791 |
| Injectable, patch, or ring | 5.5 (3.8, 8.0) | 4.5 (3.1, 6.6) | −18.2 | 0.381 | 7.1 (4.9, 10.2) | 2.9 (1.4, 6.1) | −59.2 | 0.026 | 0.209 |
| Age 16–17 years | |||||||||
| Any methodb | 36.8 (34.2, 39.4) | 41.2 (38.2, 44.2) | +12.0 | 0.011 | 29.0 (25.9, 32.2) | 33.8 (30.0, 37.7) | +16.6 | 0.031 | 0.883 |
| IUD/implant | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | 6.9 (5.6, 8.5) | +283.3 | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.3, 4.5) | 5.6 (4.2, 7.3) | +69.7 | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Birth-control pills | 27.4 (25.0, 30.0) | 28.9 (26.3, 31.7) | +5.5 | 0.321 | 17.5 (15.0, 20.3) | 22.7 (19.5, 26.2) | +29.7 | 0.010 | 0.114 |
| Injectable, patch, or ring | 7.6 (6.4, 8.9) | 5.3 (4.1, 6.8) | −30.3 | 0.035 | 8.3 (7.0, 9.7) | 5.5 (4.4, 6.9) | −33.7 | 0.009 | 0.778 |
| Age ≥18 years | |||||||||
| Any methodb | 43.5 (39.9, 47.1) | 45.1 (39.5, 50.9) | +3.7 | 0.682 | 34.6 (29.5, 40.0) | 33.8 (27.8, 40.3) | −2.3 | 0.753 | 0.958 |
| IUD/implant | 3.7 (2.4, 5.7) | 9.4 (6.6, 13.2) | +154.1 | 0.001 | 3.4 (2.1, 5.6) | 7.8 (4.9, 12.1) | +129.4 | 0.017 | 0.816 |
| Birth-control pills | 31.6 (28.2, 35.2) | 31.7 (25.6, 38.4) | +0.3 | 0.885 | 22.2 (18.6, 26.4) | 22.1 (17.1, 28.1) | −0.5 | 0.627 | 0.706 |
| Injectable, patch, or ring | 8.2 (5.7, 11.6) | 4.1 (2.5, 6.7) | −50.0 | 0.043 | 8.9 (5.6, 13.9) | 3.9 (2.4, 6.4) | −56.2 | 0.026 | 0.815 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
Study excludes females who did not have sex in the 3 months before the survey and excludes states that did not have data available in both 2013 and 2019.
a
Adjusted for age and race/ethnicity in overall results; adjusted for race/ethnicity in results by age group.
b
Including highly effective methods (IUD, implant) and moderately effective methods (birth-control pill, injectable, patch, ring).
IUD, intrauterine device.