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. 2024 Mar 2;8:100237. doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2024.100237

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — Factors associated with onset of ADs during longevity. Potential determinants are disclosed, which determine the quality of immune adaptation, balance, and remodeling (regulated or unregulated inflammaging) during the aging process (immunosenescence). The paradox is presented that, even in the presence of risk factors and immunosenescence, possibly the quality of proteodynamics (representing the quality, quantity, and activity of proteostasis) is essential in immune regulation during aging. This establishes a pattern of immune adaptation, balance, and remodeling, allowing the triggering of a regulated/unregulated inflammaging phenotype, leading to specific health outcomes in older adults (successful aging and protection against ADs or decline and premature death). Abbreviations: lnc-RNA: Long non-coding RNA; miRNA: MicroRNA; mRNA: Messenger RNA; tRNA: Transfer RNA.