Figure 3.

The gut microbiome diversity of light-vented bulbul in the breeding season. (A) Alpha diversity (ASVs and Shannon index) of bacterial communities in four groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. (B) PCoA plot based on Bray-Curtis distance metrics depicting the differences in microbial community structure of four groups. (C) Relative abundances of bacterial phyla among groups (Kruskal–Wallis test). (D) The core microbiomes present in > 50% of individuals of light-vented bulbul in the breeding season. The relative abundance differences of genera between southern (GL and NC) and northern populations (DH and BJ) use the Wilcoxon test (* represents FDR < 0.05).