Exhibit 3:

Association between food security status in 2016 and family healthcare expenditures in 2017, by expenditure category

Healthcare expenditure category	Food security status in 2016	Estimated mean annual healthcare expenditures in 2017, $	Estimated difference in mean annual healthcare expenditures in 2017, food insecure versus food secure, $
Inpatient	Food insecure	$1,751	$281****
	Food secure	$1,471	---
Emergency department	Food insecure	$428	$108****
	Food secure	$320	---
Outpatient	Food insecure	$2,997	$213***
	Food secure	$2,783	---
Prescription drugs	Food insecure	$2,710	$500****
	Food secure	$2,210	---
Out-of-pocket costs	Food insecure	$1,407	$16
	Food secure	$1,391	---

Source: Author’s analysis of study data

Notes: Results represent adjusted mean healthcare expenditures per family. Individual adult and child results were determined using a multivariable two-part model evaluating the association between food insecurity in 2016 and healthcare expenditures in 2017 by expenditure category, controlling for sociodemographics, clinical covariates, and healthcare expenditures in 2016. To determine family level results, we summed the adult and child estimates per family and evaluated the difference in family expenditures by food security. “Family” was defined as two or more persons living in the same household who were related by blood, marriage, or adoption based on the Current Population Survey definition of a family.

^*p<0.10

^**p<0.05

^***p<0.01

^****p<0.001.