Table 3.
Description of Classification systems.
| Classification system | Year | Subgroup | Explanation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lei | 2011 | Type I | Spiral fibular fracture, shear fracture of PC from MM and PL malleolar fragment | Tri-malleolar fracture |
| Type II | PM fragment, with transverse fracture anteriorly and coronal fracture posteriorly | P.Mal and MM in one fragment | ||
| Klammer | 2013 | Type I | Single medial P.Mal. Fragment | address through PL approach alone |
| Type II | P.Mal. Fragment split into PM and PL fragment | add medial or PM approach | ||
| Type III | P.Mal fracture line exits anterior to the PC of MM with additional anteromedial fragment | medial approach required for reduction of anteromedial fragment | ||
| Yua | 2015 | Type I | PL avulsion fracture with a large Volkmann fragment | |
| (from Zhang, article in Chinese) | Type II | single posterior fragment with fracture line extending toward the posterior MM | ||
| Type III | Fracture dividing P.Mal. into PM and PL fragments | |||
| Zhang | 2019 | Type I | P.Mal. is a single complete fragment | |
| Type IIa | P.Mal. split into PM and PL fragment | |||
| Type IIb | P.Mal. Is a comminuted fracture | |||
| Type IIIa | P.Mal fracture line travels through AC of MM, but AC and PC are one fragment | |||
| Type IIIb | P.Mal fracture line travels through intercollicular groove of MM, AC and PC individual fragments |
Abbreviations: PC = posterior colliculus; AC = anterior colliculus; MM = medial malleolus; PL = posterolateral; PM = posteromedial; P.Mal = posterior malleolus.
a
The original Yu et al. paper was published in Chinese; therefore, the description of the classification system was gathered from Zhang et al., 2019.