Figure 5.

Visualization map of co-occurring keywords pertaining to intraocular lens power calculation formulas. The size of each circle represents the weight of a keyword. The color of the circles represents the respective cluster class. This figure displays six clusters of red, green, blue, yellow, violet, and light blue, indicating six research directions.1) The red cluster features keywords such as axial length, myopia, high myopia, epidemiology, refractive error, and anterior chamber depth. These terms collectively encapsulate one research direction. 2) Green clusters comprise keywords such as cataract, intraocular lens, refractive surgery, presbyopia, and IOL, representing another distinct research direction. 3) The blue cluster includes cataract surgery, keratometry, optical biometry, and IOL calculation, delineating a third prominent research direction. 4) The yellow cluster encompasses refraction, prediction error, IOL power calculation, and intraocular lens power. 5) The violet cluster includes biometry, intraocular lenses, and phacoemulsification. 6) The light blue cluster encompasses astigmatism and toric intraocular lens