Figure 5.

Box and whisker plots of body length for V. soror workers, gynes, and males. (A) Body length of individuals from the three castes were compared across N1–N3 using a standard measure for dead wasps (head to the apical margin of the second metasomal tergite). Asterisks indicate a highly significant difference across groups (P < 0.0001); letters indicate differences between means according to a Tukey HSD test. (B) Total body length (head to the end of the gaster, the tip of the sixth metasomal tergite) of foraging workers was determined from videos of them landed on the front of Apis cerana hives (based on known dimensions of hive entrances).