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. 2023 Jul 6;3:1136297. doi: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1136297

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Copyright © 2023 Mattila, Nguyen, Perrard, Bain and Otis

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Size of six body parts measured on specimens of V. soror workers and gynes, and forewings of males. Characters compared included (A) head width, (B) thorax width, (C–E) widths of metasomal tergites 1–3 and (F) forewing length. Workers were collected from N1–N3; gynes and males were present in N2 only. Sample sizes and outcomes of one-way ANOVAs are provided in Supplementary Table 1 . Body measurements are shown in Supplementary Figure 2 . Asterisks indicate a highly significant effect of caste/sex on size in all cases (P < 0.0001); letters indicate differences between means within each panel according to Tukey HSD tests.