Table 2.
Diversity and distribution of scale insects occurring on tea.
| Genus | Species | Host range | Geographical distribution | Plant part infested | Generations per year | Report on Tea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceroplastes | ceriferus | Polyphagus; 60 plant families including camellia sinensis Mangifera indica; Azadirachta indica
Morus alba; Betulla, Salix, Platanus and many other plants |
India (12) New Guinea (32) Taiwan China (33) Japan (12) Sri Lanka (34) |
Twigs, stems and branches (34) | 1 (35) | China (33) Tokyo Korea |
| floridiensis | Polyphagus; 70 plant families including Camellia,Psidium;Pinushalepensis;Coffea arabica; Psidium pomiferum, Citrus sp.; Coffea Arabica etc. |
India (7, 34, 36) Mauritius (36) Sri lanka (34) Japan (12) Taiwan (12) |
Leaves, stems, twigs and branches (34) | 2 (34) | Taiwan North-east India (37) Sri lanka (34) |
|
| destructor | Polyphagus; Syzygiumcumini, Camellia sinensisetc | India, New Guinea (34) Kenya (12) Uganda (12) Malawi,Africa (38) |
Stem, twigs and branches (39) | 1 (40) | South-africa (38) South pacific region. |
|
| japonicus | Polyphagus with 36 host plant families. Camellia japonica, Camellia sinensis; Camellia oleifera;Diospyros spp. |
China (41) Japan (12) USSR (42) Georgia (43) |
Leaves and stem (42) | 1 (44) | Georgia (43) Korea | |
| pseudoceriferous |
Azadirachta indica, Diospyros montana, Artocarpus heierophyllus, Ficus spp., Psidium guajava, Madhuca indica, Croton sp., Mangifera indica etc. |
Japan Taiwan Bangladesh (45) Sri Lanka (45) India (46) China (47) |
Twigs (48) | 3 (49) | India and Eastern asian Countries (50) Taiwan |
|
| sinensis | Camellia sinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Citrus sp., Cedrus deodara | Iran (51). Turkey (52) Georgia (43) |
Leaves | 1 | Georgia (43) | |
| Pulvinaria | floccifera |
Camellia spp., Osmanthus fragrans |
Iran (53) Georgia (54) Virginia (55) |
Leaves (56) | 1 (57) | Iran (53) Georgia (54) Virginia (55) |
| Coccus | discrepans | Camellia sinensis,banana, mango, Citrus sp., Ziziphus mauritiana, Bauhinia sp., Bignonio radicans, Dalbergia sissoo, Syzygium cumin;, Ficus carica, Morus alba etc. | India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan (45) | Stem | — | North-east India (58) |
| viridis | Sri lanka, India (58) etc. | Twigs | — | Sri Lanka(sarma, 32) North East India (58) |
||
| hesperidium | Camellia sp. Citrus spp., Ficus sp, Magnifera sp. Morus etc. | Uganda,Kenya,Tanzania & Ethiopia (12) India (7) Sri Lanka (34) Fiji (32) Kenya (58) Korea Japan (16) |
Stem and leaf (7) | 6 (59) | North east India (58) Fiji (32) Kenya (58) Korea Japan (16) |
|
| formicarii | Highly polyphagus; on 46 plant genera in 31 families,includingavocado, guava,Garcinia, jackfruit, Japanese persimmon, mango, olive, Prunus, tea and velvet apple | China, Ethiopia, India, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. | Stem | — | China (60) Sri Lanka. |
|
| Lecanodiaspis | albilineata | Camellia sp. | Neotropical: Guatemala (12) | Neotropical: Guatemala | ||
| Saissetia | coffeae | Highly polyphagus feeding on plant species from 313genera in 112families including coffeae, tea, guava, citrus etc. | Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka (45) Japan (47) Papua New Guinea (40) Taiwan |
Leaves, twigs, stem and fruits (61) | 3 (62) | India (63) |
| oleae | Highly poluphagus with host range upto 232 plant genera including Camellia sinensis, Olea spp., Citrus spp. | China, India, Japan, Taiwan (12) e | Leaves and twigs (64) | 2 (64) | India | |
| nigra | Polyphagus, feeding on plant species from 292 genera including Citrus spp. Gossypium sp., Morus sp. Camellia sinensis, Solanum sp., Ficus etc. | India,Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam (12). Bangladesh (45) |
Leaves and Branches | 1 (65) | North East India (58) | |
| formicarii | Tea plant, Cinchona Sp.Macaranga sp., Elaeocarpus sp. | India and Sri lanka (45) | Stem | — | India (https://niphm.gov.in/IPMPackages/Tea.pdf, 32); Srilanka (50) | |
| Chloropulvinaria | psidii | Polyphagus feeding on plant species in 158 generaincludingPsidium, Ficus, Citrus,Mangifera, Morinda, Camellia, Coffea, Carissa,Eugenia, Litchi, Morus | India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (34) China, Papua New gunia, Uganda, japan (12) |
2 (66) | Papua New Guinea (32); Sri Lanka India (45) | |
| floccifera | Highly polyphagus on 122 plant genera including Ficus, Olive, Coffae, Citrus etc. | India Sri Lanka (34) Korea (67); New Zealand (68) |
Leaves and stem (69) | 1 (70) | Korea (71); New Zealand (68) | |
| Ceroplastodes | chiton | Cassia sp., Cajanus,ajan, Solanum sp.,tea plant, Ficus sp., Ziziphus mauritiana, Convolvulus sp., Morus alba, Hibiscus syriacus, etc. | India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (45) | Stems and small branches | — | India (58) |
| Cajani | Camellia, Ficus, Psidium sp.etc | India and Sri Lanka (45) | Twigs | — | India (58) | |
| Dicyphococcus | castilloae | Vernonia sp., Castilla elasticaAdenochlanazeyianica, Solanum sp., Vernonia sp., tea plantetc | India and sri Lanka (45) | — | — | India and sri Lanka (45) |
| Eucalymnatus | tessellates | Highly polyphagus on 122 plant genera including Ficus, Olive, Coffee, Citrus etc. | India (58) Sri Lanka (45) |
Leaves (45) | 1-2 (71) | India (58) |
| Eriochiton | theae | Camellia sp. | India (58), Sri Lanka (50) | Leaves and stem67) | — | India (58) Sri Lanka (50) |
| Diaspididae | ||||||
| Aonidiella | auranitii | Highly polyphagus; including Citrus spp, Capsicum, Camellia sp.etc. | Taiwan (72) India (42) |
Leaves and fruits (73) | Multiple (73) | India (58) |
| citrina | Camellia sp. | USSR (57), Georgia (70) | Leaves | Georgia (70) | ||
| orientalis | Highly polyphagus feeding on plant species of 176 genera including Citrus spp. Ficus sp., Morus sp. etc. | India (42), Sri Lanka | Leaves | 5 (74) | India (57). Sri Lanka |
|
| Chrysomphallus | aonidium | citrus, coconut, anthurium, bougainvillea, dendrobium, dracaena, eucalyptus, ficus, hibiscus, palm, ginger, Citrus spp, asparagus, tea, apple, mango etc. |
Taiwan, Hawaii (74), India (50) | Stem and leaf | 6 (17) | Japan (16) India (58) Taiwan (74) |
| pinnulifer | polyphagus feeding on plant species of 61 genera including Camellia sinensis, Magnifera indica, Jasminum, Psidium etc. | India (75), African region | Leaves | India (42) African region |
||
| Fiorinia | theae | Polyphagus, feeding on plant species of 26 generaincluding, Camellia sinensis, Citrus spp. Olea sp. etc | Taiwan India (42) |
Stem and leaf | Multiple (57) | United States (19) India (42) |
| Pinnaspis | theae | Plant species in 6 generaincluding Camellia sp. | India (42), Taiwan Japan and Sri Lanka (12) | China, India and Taiwan (42) | ||
| Parlatoria | mytilaspiformis | Camellia spp. | Taiwan (42), China (59), | Leaves | Taiwan (42), China (59) | |
| Hemiberlesia | rapax | Camellia sinensis (76) | India (76) | Leaf axile (76) | West Bengal, india (76) | |
| Pseudococcidae | ||||||
| Nipaecoccus | Viridis | Highly polyphagus attacking plant species from 144 genera in 51 families including Citrus, cotton, Euphorbia, Feronia, Morus, Camellia, Solanum, Psidium etc | Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Kenya and Uganda (77) | Leaves and stems | Himachal Pradesh, India (78) | |
| Pseudococcu | theaecola | Camellia sp. | India (45) Sri Lanka (50) |
Roots | India, Sri Lanka (58) | |
| viburni | Camellia sinensis, Morus alba, Ficus sp., Rosa sp, solanam sp. etc, | Iran, China, Turkey (75) | Leaves | Iran (75) Southern Asia (63) |
||
| Rastrococcus | ornatus | Jasminus sp., Tea | India and Sri Lanka (45) | Foliage | India and Sri Lanka (45) | |
| Rhizoecus | theae | Camellia sp. | India (50) Japan (42) Sri Lanka (50) |
Root | Japan (42) India and Sri Lanka (58) |