Table 2.
Clinical and biochemical features of suspected CIRCI at various age and suggested management approach
| Patients at high risk of Adrenal insufficiency | Clinical features of Adrenal insufficiency and suspected CIRCI | Need for ACTH test in order to perform CIRCI diagnosis | Biochemical criteria for adrenal insufficiency | Therapeutic approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Neonatal age (No clear definition/ evidence about CIRCI) | ||||
|
Asphyxiated newborns Preterm newborns |
Hemodynamic instability Increasing need for catecholamine administration Increasing risk for heart dysfunction |
Yes, low dose ACTH test |
- Random cortisol levels < 15 mcg/dl - Total stimulated cortisol levels after ACTH administration < 17 mcg/dl |
Hydrocortisone 50 mg/m2/day or 1 mg/kg every 8 h Careful evaluation of patients susceptible to hydrocortisone treatment because of the risk of neurodevelopmental and gastrointestinal adverse effect |
| Pediatric age | ||||
| Septic shock | Fluid unresponsive shock, vasopressor-dependent shock, hypoglycemia | Yes, high dose ACTH test (250 mcg) | Stimulated cortisol increment < 9 mg/dl over baseline |
Hydrocortisone bolus of 100 mg/m2 followed by 25 mg/m2/dose every 6 h without any taper, especially until laboratory results Consider also treatment with 50 mg/m2/day of hydrocortisone as alternative treatment Discontinuation of treatment if criteria are not met |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Shock, strong dependence/ difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation | Not clarified | Not clarified |
Corticosteroids are not recommended as routine therapy Consider methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day if ARDS and a PaO2/FiO2 < 200 within the first 6 days of illness with slow tapering |
| Meningococcal disease | Fluid unresponsive shock, vasopressor-dependent shock, hypoglycemia | Yes, high dose ACTH test (250 mcg) | Stimulated cortisol increment < 9 mg/dl over baseline | Early Hydrocortisone bolus of 100 mg/m2 followed by 25 mg/m2/dose every 6 h without any taper, especially until laboratory results |
|
Major trauma Severe burns |
Uncontrolled inflammation, vasopressor dependency | Not clarified | Not clarified | Steroid supplementation is not recommended because of the absence of improvement in short-term mortality |