Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristic | Patients with CHD‐DS (n=3285) | Patients with CHD without DS (n=64 529) | Controls without DS or CHD (n=26 128) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 1591 (48.4) | 32 050 (49.7) | 12 507 (47.9) |
| Year of birth, mean±SD | 1996.9±12.9 | 1999.6±12.8 | 1998.3±12.7 |
| Year of birth, median (IQR)* | 1999 (1987–2008) | 2003 (1991–2010) | 2001 (1990–2009) |
| Follow‐up, mean±SD, y | 16.5±12.5 | 16.0±12.6 | 192±12.6 |
| Follow‐up, median (IQR)*, y | 14.5 (5.8–25.5) | 12.8 (5.6–24.5) | 16.7 (8.7–27.7) |
| Birth period | |||
| 1970–1989 | 956 (29.1) | 14 737 (22.8) | 6460 (24.7) |
| 1990–2017 | 2329 (70.9) | 49 792 (77.2) | 19 668 (75.3) |
| Lesion complexity | |||
| Complex CHD | 1438 (43.8) | 7202 (11.2) | N/A |
| Noncomplex CHD | 1847 (56.2) | 57 327 (88.8) | N/A |
| Down syndrome | 3285 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Comorbidities† | |||
| Hypertension | 29 (0.9) | 1237 (1.9) | 116 (0.4) |
| Diabetes | 62 (1.9) | 589 (0.9) | 190 (0.7) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 8 (0.2) | 209 (0.3) | 44 (0.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 29 (0.9) | 856 (1.3) | 26 (0.1) |
| Ischemic stroke | 29 (0.9) | 777 (1.2) | 22 (0.1) |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (0.3) | 180 (0.3) | 4 (<0.1) |
| Deaths | |||
| Total | 558 (17.0) | 5131 (8.0) | 198 (0.8) |
| Cardiovascular death | 4 (0.1) | 73 (0.1) | 1 (<0.1) |
Data are given as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. CHD indicates congenital heart disease; DS, Down syndrome; IQR, interquartile range; and N/A, not applicable.
*
Continuous variable.
†
Comorbidities defined at the last registration before death or at the end of the study.