Table 1.
Patient Characteristics, Arrest Recognition, and Key Time Intervals According to Type of CPR Delivered
| Unassisted CPR (n=43) | T‐CPR (n=109) | No CPR (n=33) | All cases (n=185) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utstein characteristics | ||||
| Age, % (n)* | ||||
| <1 y | 42% (18) | 60% (65) | 21% (7) | 48% (89) |
| 1–8 y | 14% (6) | 20% (22) | 21% (7) | 19% (36) |
| 9–17 y | 44% (19) | 20% (22) | 55% (18) | 32% (59) |
| Female sex, % (n) | 37% (16) | 46% (50) | 27% (9) | 41% (75) |
| Witnessed, % (n) | 49% (21) | 24% (26) | 48% (16) | 34% (63) |
| ≥2 bystanders present, % (n) | 88% (38) | 70% (76) | 70% (23) | 74% (137) |
| Home location, % (n) | 70% (30) | 92% (100) | 67% (22) | 82% (152) |
| Noncardiac cause, % (n) | 70% (30) | 70% (76) | 79% (26) | 71% (132) |
| Response interval in minutes, median (IQR) | 4.28 (3.32–5.45) | 4.47 (3.83–5.13) | 4.88 (3.88–6.33) | 4.48 (3.80–5.45) |
| Initial rhythm shockable, %, (n) | 14% (6) | 6% (7) | 9% (3) | 9% (16) |
| PAD used, %, (n)† | 16% (7) | 6% (6) | 9% (3) | 9% (16) |
| Status at end of emergency medical services care, %, (n) | ||||
| Died in field | 37% (16) | 61% (67) | 42% (14) | 52% (97) |
| Ongoing CPR | 16% (7) | 16% (17) | 30% (10) | 18% (34) |
| Alive at emergency department arrival | 47% (20) | 23% (25) | 27% (9) | 29% (54) |
| Outcomes at hospital discharge, % (n) | ||||
| Survived | 21% (9) | 11% (12) | 12% (4) | 14% (25) |
| Cerebral Performance Category 1–2 | 16% (7) | 10% (11) | 12% (4) | 12% (22) |
| Arrest recognition | ||||
| Arrest recognized, % (n) | 100% (43) | 100% (109) | 39% (13) | 89% (165) |
| Key time intervals from start of call in seconds, median (IQR) | ||||
| Interval to address confirmation | 23 (19–33) | 30 (21–38) | 35 (21–51) | 30 (21–40) |
| Interval to recognition of arrest | 47 (30–86) | 59 (38–87) | 64 (62–101) | 58 (37–87) |
| Interval to first CPR intervention | 102 (39–154) | 115 (94–162) | … | 114 (91–161) |
| Delays‡ and complicating factors in recognition or delivery of CPR instructions | ||||
| Agonal respirations present, % (n) | 9% (4) | 18% (20) | 15% (5) | 16% (29) |
| Initial complaint described, % (n) | ||||
| Hanging | 12% (5) | 4% (4) | 12% (4) | 7% (13) |
| Drowning | 7% (3) | 3% (3) | 15% (5) | 6% (11) |
| Cases with ≥1 delay, % (n) | 58% (25) | 92% (100) | 82% (27) | 82% (152) |
| Delay time, sec, median (IQR) | 42 (14–74) | 35 (21–63) | 151 (58–263) | 44 (22–91) |
CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IQR, interquartile range; PAD, public access defibrillator; and T‐CPR, telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
*
Exact age could not be determined in 1 case.
†
PAD applied after the call was terminated in the no CPR group.
‡
Delay is defined as any deviation from the expected call sequence lasting >5 seconds that occurred before initiation of CPR.