Table 3.
Lifetime use patterns, age of use initiation, past-year substance use, and substances that respondents endorsed as ranking among their top five most preferred substances (N = 129).
| Lifetime prevalence and age of substance use initiation | Past-year use | Past-month use | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| N | % | M (SD) | N | % | N | % | |
| Kratom | 129 | 100.0% | 29.9 (±8.81) | 83 | 64.3% | 59 | 45.7% |
| Alcohol | 129 | 100.0% | 15.0 (±3.28) | 121 | 93.8% | 104 | 80.6% |
| Combustible tobacco | 123 | 95.3% | 15.9 (±4.47) | 82 | 63.6% | 63 | 48.8% |
| Nonmedical cannabis | 121 | 93.8% | 16.8 (± 5.36) | 93 | 72.1% | 76 | 58.9% |
| Electronic cigarettes | 105 | 81.4% | 25.9 (±7.89) | 68 | 52.7% | 49 | 38.0% |
| Medically prescribed cannabis | 103 | 79.8% | 32.0 (±12.2) | 14 | 10.9% | 14 | 10.9% |
| Cannabidiol/CBD | 103 | 79.8% | 30.0 (±9.14) | 70 | 54.3% | 54 | 41.9% |
| Prescribed opioids | 96 | 74.4% | 20.4 (±6.42) | 14 | 10.9% | 7 | 5.4% |
| Nonmedical benzodiazepines | 96 | 74.4% | 21.0 (±7.80) | 35 | 27.1% | 24 | 18.6% |
| Nonmedical prescription opioids | 91 | 70.5% | 19.9 (±5.29) | 41 | 31.8% | 21 | 16.3% |
| Psychedelics | 86 | 66.7% | 19.9 (±5.62) | 29 | 22.5% | 12 | 9.3% |
| Powder cocaine | 74 | 57.4% | 20.4 (±4.76) | 15 | 11.6% | 3 | 2.3% |
| Ecstasy | 73 | 56.6% | 20.3 (±5.54) | 14 | 10.9% | 3 | 2.3% |
| Nonmedical prescription amphetamine | 70 | 54.3% | 21.3 (±7.31) | 21 | 16.3% | 11 | 8.5% |
| Medically prescribed benzodiazepines | 66 | 51.2% | 22.0 (±6.15) | 25 | 19.4% | 20 | 15.5% |
| Synthetic cannabinoids | 53 | 41.1% | 24.1 (±7.31) | 1 | 0.8% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Nonprescribed antipsychotics | 46 | 35.7% | 23.3 (±10.3) | 10 | 7.8% | 6 | 4.7% |
| Methamphetamine | 44 | 34.1% | 23.6 (±7.22) | 10 | 7.8% | 6 | 4.7% |
| Heroin | 35 | 27.1% | 24.8 (±7.08) | 12 | 9.3% | 6 | 4.7% |
| Crack cocaine | 32 | 24.8% | 21.8 (±6.55) | 3 | 2.3% | 1 | 0.8% |
| Nonmedical buprenorphine | 31 | 24.0% | 26.7 (±8.10) | 9 | 7.0% | 4 | 3.1% |
| Nonmedical prescription methadone | 30 | 23.3% | 26.1 (±6.71) | 3 | 2.3% | 1 | 0.8% |
| Dimethyltryptamine | 26 | 20.2% | 24.3 (±6.49) | 3 | 2.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Fentanyl | 25 | 19.4% | 27.8 (±6.68) | 6 | 4.7% | 3 | 2.3% |
| Nonprescribed antidepressants | 25 | 19.4% | 19.2 (±5.69) | 4 | 3.1% | 1 | 0.8% |
| Medically prescribed buprenorphine | 14 | 10.9% | 28.1 (±7.97) | 6 | 4.7% | 5 | 3.9% |
| Medically prescribed methadone | 12 | 9.3% | 26.9 (±4.56) | 1 | 0.8% | 1 | 0.8% |
| Modafinil | 12 | 9.3% | 25.9 (±6.28) | 2 | 1.6% | 1 | 0.8% |
| Synthetic cathinones | 12 | 7.0% | 26.9 (±6.30) | 1 | 0.8% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Tianeptine | 6 | 4.7% | 32.6 (±3.36) | 3 | 2.3% | 2 | 1.6% |
| Nonmedical androgenic anabolic steroids | 5 | 3.9% | 26.3 (±6.18) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
|
| |||||||
| Most preferred substances | N | % | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Nonmedical cannabis | 79 | 60.8% | |||||
| Caffeine | 67 | 51.5% | |||||
| Kratom | 63 | 48.5% | |||||
| Alcohol | 55 | 42.3% | |||||
| Combustible tobacco | 43 | 33.1% | |||||
| Prescribed opioids | 34 | 26.2% | |||||
| Psychedelics | 33 | 25.4% | |||||
| Medically prescribed benzodiazepines | 26 | 20.0% | |||||
| Nonmedical prescription opioids | 24 | 18.5% | |||||
| Ecstasy | 24 | 18.5% | |||||
| Nonmedical benzodiazepines | 22 | 16.9% | |||||
| Cannabidiol/CBD | 21 | 16.2% | |||||
| Electronic cigarettes | 21 | 16.2% | |||||
| Nonmedical prescription amphetamine | 21 | 16.2% | |||||
| Powder cocaine | 20 | 15.4% | |||||
| Rx cannabis | 16 | 12.3% | |||||
| Heroin | 13 | 10.0% | |||||
| Street methamphetamine | 12 | 9.2% | |||||
| Antidepressants | 9 | 6.9% | |||||
| Crack cocaine | 4 | 3.1% | |||||
| Dimethyltryptamine | 4 | 3.1% | |||||
| Phenibut | 4 | 3.1% | |||||
| Synthetic cathinones | 3 | 2.3% | |||||
| Medically prescribed methadone | 3 | 2.3% | |||||
| Synthetic cannabinoids | 2 | 1.5% | |||||
| Fentanyl | 2 | 1.5% | |||||
| Nonmedical buprenorphine | 1 | 0.8% | |||||
| Nonmedical prescription methadone | 1 | 0.8% | |||||
| Tianeptine | 1 | 0.8% | |||||
| Modafinil | 1 | 0.8% | |||||
| Medically prescribed buprenorphine | 0 | 0.0% | |||||