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. 2024 Jan 31;8(3):564–577. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, Shannon–Wiener index, which measures faunal diversity (H), and b, Simpson’s assemblage evenness index (D) show respective increased diversity and assemblage evenness per layer; values for H are normally between 1.5 and 3.5, with larger values indicating greater taxonomic diversity; values for D are between 0 (no taxonomic evenness) and 1 (complete taxonomic evenness); note that different scales are used on the y axis in a and b; see Supplementary Table 7 for a breakdown of NISP, NTAXA and ecological indices. Point size is scaled to the NISP.