Table 3.

Location of mandibular foremen in previous studies (CBCT: cone-beam computed tomography).

Study	Ethnicity	Methodology	Sample size	References	Location
Afsar	Canadian	Panoramic	79	First molar	1.9 mm above
Hwang	Chinese	Cephalometric	112	Undetermined	4.16 mm above
Feurerstrein	French	CBCT	260	Mandibular teeth	2-3 mm above
Altunsoy	Turkish	CBCT	20	Mandibular molars	2.5-3.6 mm above
Blatcher	American	CBCT	203	Second molar	9 mm above
Al-Shayyab	Jordanian	CBCT	224	First molar	2.5 mm above
Jang		CBCT	125	Second molar	8.85 mm above
Bunyarit	Malay	CBCT	87	Undetermined	10 mm above
Kang	Korean	CT	59	First molar	3.8 mm above
					12.4% above (2.5mm)
Zhou	Korean	CBCT	106	Mandibular molars	3.3% at level
					84% below (4.5mm)
Russa	Tanzania	Cadaveric mandible	44	First molar	10 mm above
Monnazzi	Brazilian	Dry mandible	44	Mandibular crest	0.02 below
Thangevalu	Indian	Dry mandible	102	Mandibular molars	Few mm above
Kositbowornchai	Thai	Dry mandible	23	First molar	10 mm above
					2.5% above
Nicholson	East Indian	Dry mandible	80	Second molar	22.5% at level
					75% below
					15.1% above
Palma	Brazilian	Dry mandible	82	Mandibular molars	0.8% at level
					84.1% below
Jansisyonont	Thai	Dry mandible	146	Mandibular molars	80.13% above (4.5 mm)
					19.87% below (3.1 mm)
				Mandibular molars	29.4% above
Mbarjorgu	Zimbabwean	Dry mandible	38		47.1% at level
					23.5% below
				Mandibular molars	4.7% above
Mwaniki	African	Dry mandible	79		30.7% at level
					64.6% below
					38.43% above (4.5 mm)
Present study	Anatolian	Dry mandible	105	Mandibular molars	11.34% at level
					50.23% below (3.1 mm)