FIGURE 11.

Effect of C. haematocephala extracts (CHnHE and CHME) on mRNA expression of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators; TNF-α (A), COX-2 (B), IL-4 (C), and IL-10 (D) in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis. mRNA expression of all these mediators was normalized using GAPDH as housekeeping gene. Figure shows significant downregulation of mRNA expression of TNF-α cytokine and COX-2 enzyme whereas upregulation of mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10 after treatment for consective 11 days with CHnHE and CHME (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg doses) standardized with prednisone (2 mg/kg) in comparison (p < 0.001) to CCG. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test was appliedto analyze the significance of differences among all treatment and control groups. Here, “a,” “b,” and “c” indicate significant differences from CCG, NCG, and SCG respectively.