Table 3.

Annual healthcare resource utilization costs in individuals with intermediate and advanced compared with early Parkinson’s disease as base (odds ratio and 95% CIs) by geographic region

	USA					Europe					Japan
	n	Inter	95% CI	Adv	95% CI	n	Inter	95% CI	Adv	95% CI	n	Inter	95% CI	Adv	95% CI
Hospitalization	1340	2.43	1.03–5.73	10.36	4.32–24.85	2883	3.75	2.68–5.27	8.62	5.81–12.78	521	0.68	0.37–1.24	1.21	0.60–2.42
ER visits	1478	3.16	1.66–6.02	8.84	4.45–17.54	3195	2.78	1.97–3.92	4.82	3.24–7.16	626	0.63	0.25–1.59	1.65	0.60–4.59
Consultations	1478	1.29	0.77–2.16	0.81	0.40–1.61	3195	1.44	1.08–1.92	0.87	0.58–1.29	626	1.52	0.90–2.58	2.23	0.97–5.12
Scans	1478	0.50	0.40–0.64	0.44	0.31–0.64	3195	0.60	0.51–0.71	0.46	0.35–0.59	626	1.07	0.73–1.55	1.07	0.65–1.76
Professional care	1393	6.21	2.43–15.87	20.65	7.91–53.94	3078	7.26	4.11–12.82	25.62	14.31–45.87	597	1.02	0.61–1.70	1.34	0.73–2.48
Respite care	1424	4.88	0.60–39.63	28.22	3.56–223.75	2980	4.73	2.95–7.59	12.46	7.44–20.87	556	0.92	0.49–1.73	0.90	0.39–2.08
Prescriptions	1478	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.70	0.21–13.38	3195	2.68	1.38–5.22	1.93	0.91–4.13	626	7.29	0.90–59.00	1.94	0.23–16.62
Total indirect costsa	1442	2.66	0.95–7.47	10.03	3.35–30.07	3062	5.22	2.79–9.78	14.65	7.34–29.24	596	0.73	0.33–1.62	0.98	0.36–2.67
Total costs	1478	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.00	1.00–1.00	3195	1.00	1.00–1.00	1	1.00–1.00	626	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.00	1.00–1.00

Adv, dvanced, CI confidence interval, ER emergency room, Inter intermediate

^aIndirect costs included non-professional care measured by the impact on a caregiver’s employment status