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. 2024 Mar 11;16:151. doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01370-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — An aerogel-based TE generator. a Illustration showing the TE generator consisting of 25 aerogels in series. b Open-circuit voltages generated by the aerogel-based TE generator under different ΔT. c The relationship between the generated output voltage as a function of circuit current at different ΔT. Output power of TE generator as a function of d circuit current and e external load resistance under different ΔT. f The power density of the TE generator at different ΔT. g The comparison of the highest testing temperatures for most TE aerogels and their generators reported in the literature. h Photographs showing the generated voltage or powering a LED by harvesting alcohol lamp flame heat energy. i Illustration showing the high-temperature application scenario of the aerogel-based TE generator by utilizing heat energy on industrial hot pipes