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. 2024 Mar 11;14:5874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56688-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The finalized Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) constraint model. Each exogenous variable includes an error term (e1-10). The effect of seven subscales of the PSQI on Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was constrained to be equal, which is represented by the dotted line with an arrowhead. These subscales are subjective sleep quality (Qua), sleep latency (Lat), sleep duration (Dur), habitual sleep efficiency (Eff), sleep disturbance (Dis), use of sleep medication (Med), and daytime dysfunction (Dys). Covariations between errors are illustrated by dotted lines with double arrowheads. MEQ, Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire; DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.