Skip to main content
. 2024 Mar 11;14:5874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56688-w

Table 1.

Sample characteristics (N = 200).

Variables Mean (SD)/N (%)
Age in years 27.75 (5.11)
Male:Female (% of Female) 64:136 (68%)
Education
 High school 23 (11.5%)
 High diploma 22 (11.0%)
 Bachelor’s degree 117 (58.5%)
 Master’s degree 31 (15.5%)
 Doctorate degree 7 (3.5%)
Consumption of caffeine beverages
 Never 45 (22.5%)
 Once per week 34 (17.0%)
 2–3 times per week 55 (27.5%)
 4–5 times per week 27 (13.5%)
 More than 5 times per week 39 (19.5%)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
 Global PSQI score 6.26 (2.88)
 Subjective sleep quality 1.24 (0.70)
 Sleep latency 1.03 (0.86)
 Sleep duration 1.22 (0.91)
 Habitual sleep efficiency 0.67 (1.01)
 Sleep disturbance 1.12 (0.49)
 Use of sleep medication 0.03 (0.17)
 Daytime dysfunction 0.95 (0.77)
Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)
 MEQ score 48.48 (9.00)
 MEQ subtypes
 Morning type 27 (13.5%)
 Intermediate type 130 (65.0%)
 Evening type 43 (21.5%)
 Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
 CD-RISC score 64.42 (11.56)
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)
 Depressive symptoms score 5.04 (4.65)
 Anxiety symptoms score 5.66 (3.94)