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. 2024 Mar 11;7:309. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-05999-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Potential changes in net biodiversity effect, complementarity effect and selection effect with (a) time (without N addition; unit-year); (b) N addition rate (unit-kg/ha/year); (c) cumulative N addition (the total amount of N added across years; unit-kg/ha), when the effects of time and N addition rates are additive, these patterns without an interaction between the two effects were derived by multiplying the fitted trends in Fig. 1a, b; and (d) cumulative N addition, when the effects of time and N addition rates are multiplicative, these patterns with interaction between the two effects were derived by the fitted trend of multiplying data in Fig. 1a, b. Note that the x-axes are on the log scale for comparison with the results presented in this study.