Table 3.

Programs and durations of virtual reality–based exercise rehabilitation in cancer-related dysfunctions.

Author, year	Contents
	Programs	Duration
Atef et al [35], 2020	Tennis, triceps extension, and rhythmic boxing	Two sessions per week for 4 weeks
Basha et al [36], 2022	“Macarena” dance and others like darts, bowling, boxing, table tennis, fruit ninja, and beach volleyball	Once per day, 5 times a week for 8 weeks
Benzing et al [37], 2020	Six different “workouts” such as “Waterfall Jump” (jumps onto wood without falling down) and “Derby Skate” (like dance, remember movements, and imitation)	Three times a week for approximately 45 minutes, for 8 weeks
Chen et al [38], 2019	Perform “Tai Chi,” “Cake Cutting,” “Rowing,” “Virtual Shopping,” and other trainings	Once per day, 5 times a week for 8 weeks
da Silva Alves et al [39], 2018	Three games: “Wall Breaker” (hit projected cubes), “Stomp It” (hit lights by moving limbs), and “Run the World” (simulate walking using knee flexion and hip turn movements)	About 45 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks.
da Silva Alves et al [40], 2017	Three games: “Wall Breaker” (hit projected cubes), “Stomp It” (hit lights by moving limbs), and “Run the World” (simulate walking using knee flexion and hip turn movements)	About 45 minutes per session, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks
Feyzioĝlu et al [41], 2020	Darts, bowling, and boxing for the first 3 weeks, and beach volleyball, table tennis, and “Fruit Ninja” for the last 3 weeks.	45 minutes per session, 2 sessions a week for 6 weeks
Hamari et al [42], 2019	Various Nintendo Wii games	30 minutes a day, 7 days a week for 8 weeks
Hoffman et al [43], 2013	Walking, balance exercises, including downhill skiing, soccer, golf, and video game activities	30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks
Hoffman et al [44], 2014	Walking, balance exercises, including downhill skiing, soccer, golf, and video game activities	30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 10 weeks
House et al [45], 2016	Nine custom games: “Breakout 3D” (bounce a virtual ball by paddle avatars), “Card Island,” “Remember that Card” (match card), “Musical Drums” (strike notes using drum stick avatars), “Xylophone” game (repeat notes using mallet avatars), “Pick & Place” (grasp and move balls), “Arm Slalom” (rotate the shoulder to guide a skier avatar through a downhill slalom), “Avalanche” (control a pick axe and a shovel avatar to break and clear ice walls), and “Treasure Hunt” game (control shovel avatars to find buried treasure)	20 to 50 minutes per session, 2 sessions per week for 8 weeks
Jin et al [46], 2018	Breath and raise the leg, ball throw, hair comb, pendulum, shoulder shrug, arm rotation, hand raise, chest expansion, jump, and rollers	30 minutes per session, 1 session per day, 6 days per week for 3 months
Jin et al [47], 2018	Four phases: Phase 1 (1-7 days after surgery): finger strengthening, ball hold and squeeze, knead, and fingertip rub; Phase 2 (8-14 days after surgery): move like a pendulum shrug, wall climb, upper limb movement, and arm rotation; Phase 3 (15 days to 1 month after surgery): flying, rope swing, ball throw, dumbbell exercise, and elastic band; Phase 4 (1-3 months after surgery): hand shake, arm extension, waist turn, and circle exercise	15 to 30 minutes per session, 2 sessions per day for 3 months
Lin et al [48], 2021	Four phases: Phase 1 (1 week after surgery): finger stretch, ball squeeze, ball hold, and fingertip rub; Phase 2 (1-2 weeks after surgery): upper arm movement, body rotation, shoulder lift, shoulder shrug, wall climb, arm swing, and others; Phase 3 (3-4 weeks after surgery): contraction, lateral push and pull, hand swing, chest expansion, lateral lift, circumference, abdominal and back muscle training, lifts, body turns, and others; Phase 4 (5-8 weeks after surgery): head shake, arm extension, waist turn, and circle exercise	For 8 weeks
Park et al [49], 2023	Two parts: Part 1 included passive and active forward flexion, external rotation and abduction, and trunk rotation with both shoulder forward flexion; Part 2 added exercises with dumbbell and pectoralis stretching in addition to part 1.	30 minutes per session, 5 sessions per day, 7 days per week for 8 weeks
Sabel et al [50], 2016	“Sports,” “Sports Resort,” “Fit,” “Fit plus,” “Dance,” and “Michael Jackson Dance”	30 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 10 weeks
Schwenk et al [51], 2016	Three tasks: Balance exercises (forward, backward, sideward, and diagonal leaning tasks); Ankle point-to-point reaching task (forward, backward, sideward, and diagonal leaning and partial weight transfer); Virtual obstacle crossing task (cross obstacles)	45 minutes per session, 2 sessions per week for 4 weeks
Tanriverdi et al [52], 2022	Jogging and hula hoop	45 minutes per session, 2 sessions per day, 2 days per week for 12 weeks
Tsuda et al [53], 2016	Two activities: “Hula Hoop” and “Basic Step” at light to moderate intensity	20 minutes per session, once per day, 5 times a week until hospital discharge
Villumsen et al [54], 2019	Aerobic and strength exercises for 1 hour using “Your Shape Fitness Evolved 2012,” “Sport,” and “Adventure” games	About 1 hour per session, 3 sessions a week for 12 weeks
Yang et al [55], 2014	Five programs: “Conveyor” (move boxes from one side to the other), “Coconut” (catch coconuts in a basket), “Bird and Balls” (catch birds), “Soccer” (stop balls from entering the net), and “Juggler” (hit balls)	30 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks
Yoon et al [56], 2015	Six programs: “Birds and Balls,” “Conveyor,” “Drums” (use hands to play a drum along with the music), “Juggler,” “Coconuts,” and “Soccer”	30 minutes per day, 3 days per week for 3 weeks
Zeng et al [57], 2020	Whack-a-mole, golf, fruit cutting, and shooting	NAa
Zhou et al [58], 2021	Two models: Model 1 included making fists, rotating the wrists, and bending the elbows; Model 2 included making fists, rotating the wrists, bending the elbows, lifting up, wrapping the shoulders, touching the ears, climbing walls, putting the hands behind the back, holding the head, and abducting	NA
Zhu et al [59], 2019	Four phases: Phase 1 (1 week after surgery): joint functional training like finger stretch, ball squeeze and hold, and fingertip knead; Phase 2 (2 weeks after surgery): shoulder joint abduction, adduction, extension, and forward flexion exercises; Phase 3 (3-4 weeks after surgery): resistance training with dumbbell; Phase 4 (1-3 months after surgery): normal exercise with low intensity	30 minutes per session, 2 sessions per day for 3 months

^aNA: not available.