Table 3.

The validation tasks, authors, and total number of studies targeting working memory.

VRa target construct and validation task		Validation	Authors	Studies, n (%)
Working memory					4 (21)
	WAIS-IVb The Working Memory Index (Digit Span and Arithmetic)	Implicit	Marín-Morales et al [70]c
	WAIS-IIId LNSe SWMf CANTABg (error and strategy)	Explicit	Miskowiak et al [63]
	1-back and 2-back test (Cogstate)	Implicit	Porffy et al [65]
	None specifically reported	N/Ah	Robitaille et al [74]i

^aVR: virtual reality.

^bWAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV.

^cThe VR task involved 42 VR mini-games that assessed various cognitive constructs. In total, 4 mini-games and their target constructs were documented and included in this table; however, the comparative assessments were not provided, and an extensive list of all 42 mini-games was not provided.

^dWAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III.

^eLNS: Letter-Number Sequencing.

^fSWM: Spatial Working Memory.

^gCANTAB: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

^hN/A: not applicable.

ⁱRobitaille et al [74] used a VR paradigm with avatars to trial a dual-task walking protocol.