Table 5.

The validation tasks, authors, and total number of studies targeting constructs classified as uncategorized.

VRa target construct and validation task				Validation		Authors		Studies, n (%)
Memory									11 (58)
	Memory (general)								1 (5)
		None specifically reported	N/Ab		Tsai et al [67]
	Verbal memory and verbal learning								2 (11)
		RAVLTc subtests: total, immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition	Explicit		Miskowiak et al [63]
		International Shopping List Test (Cogstate; verbal learning)	Implicit		Porffy et al [65]
	Prospective memory								4 (21)
		None specifically reported	N/A		Banville et al [61]d
		CAMPROMPTe [79]	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
		CVLT-IIg [80]	Implicit		Parsons and McMahan [53]
	Episodic memory								3 (16)
		RBMT-IIIh [81]	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		CVLT-II	Implicit		Parsons and McMahan [53]
	Immediate recognition								2 (11)
		RBMT-III [81]	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
	Delayed recognition								2 (11)
		RBMT-III [81]	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
Attention									13 (68)
	General attention								4 (21)
		DPTi GNGj STk	Implicit		Chicchi Giglioli et al [69]
		DPT GNG ST TMT-Al TMT-Bm	Explicit		Chicchi Giglioli et al [68]
		DPT—selective attention GNG—sustained attention ST—selective attention TMTn—visual attention	Implicit		Marín-Morales et al [70]o
		RVPp CANTABq (accuracy and latency) RBANS-DSr	Explicit		Miskowiak et al [63]
	Divided attention								2 (11)
		None specifically reported	N/A		Robitaille et al [74]s
		CTT-Bt [75,82]	Explicit		Wilf et al [54]
	Complex attention								1 (5)
		None specifically reported	N/A		Tan et al [66]
	Selective visual attention								2 (11)
		The map task from the Test of Everyday Attention	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
	Selective auditory attention								2 (11)
		The Elevator Counting With Distraction task of the Test of Everyday Attention	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
	Sustained visual attention								1 (5)
		CTT-Au [82]	Explicit		Wilf et al [54]
	Visuospatial attention								2 (11)
		The Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]
	Sustained attention								1 (5)
		CPTv [83]	Implicit		Voinescu et al [71]
Processing									3 (16)
	Processing speed								3 (16)
		WAIS-IVw Processing Speed Index (symbol search and coding)	Implicit		Marín-Morales et al [70]o
		RBANS-CTx TMT-A	Explicit		Miskowiak et al [63]
		Detection task (Cogstate)	Implicit		Porffy et al [65]
Task performance									4 (21)
	Dual task								1 (5)
		TMT-A TMT-B	Implicit		Chicchi Giglioli et al [69]
	Multitask								3 (16)
		Modified version of the SETy	Implicit		Banville et al [61]d
		CTTz [82]	Explicit		Kourtesis et al [76]f
		None specifically reported	N/A		Kourtesis and MacPherson [75]

^aVR: virtual reality.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cRAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.

^dThe VR task was predominantly a sorting task for executive function assessment. The comparative assessments that validated this assessment were detailed under “executive function” broadly as the paper did not specify which components of the VR task the comparative tasks aimed to validate.

^eCAMPROMPT: Cambridge Prospective Memory Test.

^fKourtesis et al [76] explicitly broke episodic memory down into immediate and delayed recognition. However, we gathered these two constructs under episodic memory.

^gCVLT-II: California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition.

^hRBMT-III: Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test–Third Edition.

ⁱDPT: dot-probe task.

^jGNG: Go/No-Go.

^kST: Stroop test.

^lTMT-A: Trail-Making Test version A.

^mTMT-B: Trail-Making Test version B.

ⁿTMT: Trail-Making Test.

^oThe VR task involved 42 VR mini-games that assessed various cognitive constructs. In total, 4 mini-games and their target constructs were documented and included in this table; however, the comparative assessments were not provided, and an extensive list of all 42 mini-games was not provided.

^pRVP: Rapid Visual Information Processing.

^qCANTAB: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

^rRBANS-DS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status–Digit Span.

^sRobitaille et al [74] used a VR paradigm with avatars to trial a dual-task walking protocol.

^tCTT-B: Color Trails Test B.

^uCTT-A: Color Trails Test A.

^vCPT: continuous performance test.

^wWAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV.

^xRBANS-CT: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status–Coding Test.

^ySET: Six Elements Test.

^zCTT: Color Trails Test.