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Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR validation of the expression of the five key genes in the clinical semen samples. The unpaired t-test was used to compare the expression of the five key genes between Nor and Asth. (A) HIF1A. (B) HSPA4. (C) SMAD2. (D) GSK3B. (E) SOX9. Nor, normal group; Asth, asthenozoospermia group.
