Table 1.
Selected demographic, social determinants of health and behavioral health characteristics of women diagnosed with HIV by year – Medical Monitoring Project, United States 2015–2019.
| 2015–2019 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristicsa | n | Col % (95% CI) | n | Col % (95% CI) | N | Col % (95% CI) | n | Col % (95% CI) | n | Col % (95% CI) | n | Col % (95% CI) | EAPC | P value |
| Overall | 5139 | 967 | 1045 | 1037 | 1048 | 1042 | ||||||||
| Country at birth | ||||||||||||||
| United States | 4372 | 85.5 (83.7–87.2) | 820 | 84.9 (80.6–89.2) | 881 | 85.2 (80.9–89.6) | 882 | 86.3 (82.8–89.9) | 892 | 85.4 (82.1–88.6) | 897 | 85.4 (81.5–89.3) | 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.3) | 0.088 |
| All other countries | 720 | 14.5 (12.8–16.3) | 136 | 15.1 (10.8–19.4) | 151 | 14.8 (10.4–19.1) | 142 | 13.7 (10.1–17.2) | 148 | 14.6 (11.4–17.9) | 143 | 14.6 (10.7–18.5) | −0.7 (−1.0 to −0.4) | <0.001 |
| Length of time since HIV diagnosis | ||||||||||||||
| <5 years | 602 | 11.8 (10.7–12.8) | 134 | 13.5 (11.3–15.6) | 122 | 11.9 (9.7–14.0) | 118 | 11.3 (9.1–13.4) | 120 | 12.6 (10.2–15.0) | 108 | 9.7 (7.2–12.2) | −5.6 (−5.9 to −5.2) | <0.001 |
| 5–9 years | 906 | 18.6 (17.1–20.1) | 207 | 23.3 (18.6–28.0) | 212 | 20.8 (17.7–24.0) | 173 | 17.2 (13.5–20.8) | 165 | 15.8 (13.7–17.9) | 149 | 16.1 (13.6–18.7) | −9.9 (−10.1 to −9.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥10 years | 3622 | 69.6 (67.9–71.4) | 623 | 63.3 (58.6–67.9) | 707 | 67.3 (63.6–70.9) | 744 | 71.6 (67.5–75.6) | 763 | 71.6 (68.8–74.4) | 785 | 74.1 (70.9–77.3) | 3.8 (3.7–4.0) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 751 | 16.0 (14.1–17.9) | 132 | 15.8 (11.1–20.5) | 169 | 17.2 (13.4–20.9) | 137 | 14.9 (11.2–18.7) | 145 | 16.1 (11.4–20.7) | 168 | 16.2 (11.9–20.4) | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.111 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 3078 | 58.8 (54.4–63.3) | 591 | 58.1 (48.4–67.9) | 609 | 58.3 (48.3–68.3) | 615 | 58.7 (49.7–67.6) | 636 | 59.7 (50.4–69.1) | 627 | 59.3 (48.1–70.5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic/Latinab | 995 | 19.0 (14.7–23.2) | 195 | 20.6 (10.8–30.4) | 201 | 17.9 (8.1–27.7) | 211 | 19.3 (10.8–27.8) | 206 | 18.8 (10.9–26.8) | 182 | 18.3 (7.3–29.4) | −1.9 (−2.1 to −1.6) | <0.001 |
| Other | 315 | 6.2 (5.2–7.1) | 49 | 5.5 (3.2–7.7) | 66 | 6.7 (4.6–8.8) | 74 | 7.1 (5.2–8.9) | 61 | 5.3 (3.1–7.6) | 65 | 6.2 (3.9–8.5) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.593 |
| Age, in years | ||||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 331 | 6.9 (6.1–7.8) | 77 | 7.7 (5.4–10.1) | 72 | 7.3 (5.8–8.8) | 60 | 6.6 (4.9–8.3) | 56 | 6.7 (4.7–8.6) | 66 | 6.4 (4.7–8.1) | −4.7 (−5.1 to −4.2) | <0.001 |
| 30–39 | 758 | 16.3 (15.1–17.6) | 166 | 18.4 (15.9–21.0) | 146 | 16.2 (13.7–18.8) | 170 | 16.7 (13.9–19.5) | 139 | 15.5 (12.8–18.1) | 137 | 15.0 (11.9–18.1) | −4.6 (−4.9 to −4.3) | <0.001 |
| 40–49 | 1315 | 27.2 (25.8–28.6) | 274 | 29.2 (25.8–32.5) | 288 | 29.6 (27.0–32.1) | 254 | 26.9 (24.1–29.7) | 254 | 25.8 (22.3–29.2) | 245 | 24.8 (21.8–27.7) | −4.5 (−4.8 to −4.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥50 | 2735 | 49.5 (48.0–51.0) | 450 | 44.7 (41.2–48.1) | 539 | 46.9 (44.2–49.7) | 553 | 49.8 (46.4–53.2) | 599 | 52.1 (48.9–55.3) | 594 | 53.9 (50.5–57.2) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) | <0.001 |
| Poverty thresholdc | ||||||||||||||
| Above poverty threshold | 1763 | 38.9 (36.3–41.4) | 312 | 34.3 (29.7–38.9) | 360 | 40.5 (34.0–47.0) | 375 | 41.3 (34.3–48.2) | 359 | 39.0 (34.0–43.9) | 357 | 39.2 (34.7–43.7) | 2.2 (1.9–2.4) | <0.001 |
| At or below poverty threshold | 2901 | 61.1 (58.6–63.7) | 586 | 65.7 (61.1–70.3) | 588 | 59.5 (53.0–66.0) | 581 | 58.7 (51.8–65.7) | 573 | 61.0 (56.1–66.0) | 573 | 60.8 (56.3–65.3) | −1.3 (−1.5 to −1.2) | <0.001 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||||
| <High school | 1476 | 28.5 (27.1–30.0) | 306 | 33.3 (29.7–36.9) | 293 | 27.2 (24.2–30.2) | 292 | 27.7 (24.4–30.9) | 280 | 25.9 (22.5–29.3) | 305 | 28.7 (25.7–31.7) | −3.6 (−3.8 to −3.3) | <0.001 |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 1573 | 30.8 (29.1–32.4) | 279 | 28.2 (24.2–32.2) | 313 | 30.0 (26.9–33.2) | 316 | 31.1 (27.4–34.8) | 338 | 32.6 (29.0–36.1) | 327 | 31.8 (28.1–35.6) | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | <0.001 |
| >High school | 2073 | 40.7 (39.0–42.4) | 373 | 38.5 (33.9–43.0) | 436 | 42.7 (38.8–46.7) | 426 | 41.2 (38.0–44.4) | 429 | 41.6 (37.7–45.4) | 409 | 39.4 (36.3–42.5) | 0.2 (−0.0 to 0.4) | 0.138 |
| Health insurance coveraged | ||||||||||||||
| Any private | 1176 | 23.7 (22.0–25.4) | 217 | 23.8 (20.7–26.9) | 245 | 25.3 (20.5–30.0) | 234 | 24.0 (19.0–29.0) | 243 | 22.9 (20.1–25.8) | 237 | 22.5 (19.8–25.1) | −2.1 (−2.4 to −1.8) | <0.001 |
| Public only | 3485 | 66.4 (64.2–68.7) | 656 | 65.3 (60.7–70.0) | 712 | 67.1 (61.5–72.8) | 703 | 65.6 (59.2–71.9) | 702 | 65.6 (60.8–70.4) | 712 | 68.5 (65.1–71.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | <0.001 |
| Ryan White/ADAP only | 357 | 8.0 (6.6–9.5) | 70 | 8.4 (5.7–11.0) | 66 | 6.1 (3.8–8.3) | 78 | 8.6 (5.0–12.2) | 78 | 9.6 (5.1–14.1) | 65 | 7.5 (4.9–10.1) | 2.1 (1.6–2.6) | <0.001 |
| No coverage/uninsured | 52 | 1.9 (1.2–2.5) | 10 | 2.5 (0.1–4.8) | 8 | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 11 | 1.8 (0.5–3.1) | 12 | 1.9 (0.6–3.2) | 11 | 1.6 (0.2–3.0) | −7.2 (−8.0 to −6.3) | <0.001 |
| Ryan White-funded facility | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 3838 | 76.8 (73.1–80.6) | 750 | 82.7 (74.6–90.8) | 791 | 76.2 (68.5–84.0) | 796 | 76.4 (68.8–84.0) | 758 | 74.4 (64.4–84.4) | 743 | 74.7 (66.3–83.2) | −2.3 (−2.4 to −2.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 1047 | 23.2 (19.4–26.9) | 151 | 17.3 (9.2–25.4) | 205 | 23.8 (16.0–31.5) | 216 | 23.6 (16.0–31.2) | 238 | 25.6 (15.6–35.6) | 237 | 25.3 (16.8–33.7) | 7.9 (7.6–8.2) | <0.001 |
| Depression (major, other)e | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1186 | 23.7 (22.3–25.2) | 236 | 27.2 (23.3–31.0) | 281 | 26.8 (24.0–29.6) | 261 | 25.5 (21.8–29.2) | 207 | 20.3 (17.8–22.8) | 201 | 19.0 (16.4–21.6) | −9.2 (−9.5 to −9.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 3866 | 76.3 (74.8–77.7) | 712 | 72.8 (69.0–76.7) | 750 | 73.2 (70.4–76.0) | 758 | 74.5 (70.8–78.2) | 820 | 79.7 (77.2–82.2) | 826 | 81.0 (78.4–83.6) | 3.0 (2.9–3.2) | <0.001 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (severe or moderate)f | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1022 | 20.5 (18.9–22.0) | 205 | 23.0 (19.8–26.1) | 237 | 23.4 (20.1–26.8) | 202 | 19.7 (16.4–23.0) | 193 | 18.5 (15.0–22.0) | 185 | 17.8 (14.2–21.3) | −7.2 (−7.5 to −7.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 4045 | 79.5 (78.0–81.1) | 744 | 77.0 (73.9–80.2) | 795 | 76.6 (73.2–79.9) | 822 | 80.3 (77.0–83.6) | 840 | 81.5 (78.0–85.0) | 844 | 82.2 (78.7–85.8) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | <0.001 |
| Intimate partner violenceg | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 240 | 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 52 | 5.5 (3.7–7.4) | 57 | 5.8 (4.0–7.6) | 46 | 4.8 (3.4–6.3) | 45 | 5.2 (3.0–7.4) | 40 | 3.7 (2.7–4.7) | −8.4 (−8.9 to −7.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 4765 | 95.0 (94.2–95.8) | 894 | 94.5 (92.6–96.3) | 955 | 94.2 (92.4–96.0) | 965 | 95.2 (93.7–96.6) | 974 | 94.8 (92.6–97.0) | 977 | 96.3 (95.3–97.3) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
| Drug useh | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 977 | 19.4 (17.9–20.9) | 171 | 18.7 (15.0–22.5) | 190 | 17.1 (14.4–19.8) | 187 | 18.8 (15.8–21.7) | 217 | 21.4 (17.3–25.4) | 212 | 20.9 (17.8–24.1) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 4111 | 80.6 (79.1–82.1) | 787 | 81.3 (77.5–85.0) | 845 | 82.9 (80.2–85.6) | 840 | 81.2 (78.3–84.2) | 823 | 78.6 (74.6–82.7) | 816 | 79.1 (75.9–82.2) | −1.1 (−1.2 to −0.9) | <0.001 |
| Binge drinkingi | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 513 | 9.9 (8.9–10.9) | 91 | 8.4 (6.2–10.7) | 99 | 8.7 (6.7–10.7) | 94 | 9.7 (7.8–11.7) | 124 | 12.7 (10.0–15.4) | 105 | 9.9 (7.6–12.1) | 7.2 (6.8–7.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 4556 | 90.1 (89.1–91.1) | 862 | 91.6 (89.3–93.8) | 929 | 91.3 (89.3–93.3) | 934 | 90.3 (88.3–92.2) | 906 | 87.3 (84.6–90.0) | 925 | 90.1 (87.9–92.4) | −0.8 (−0.9 to −0.6) | <0.001 |
| Homelessnessj | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 423 | 8.3 (7.4–9.2) | 74 | 7.9 (5.5–10.4) | 75 | 7.3 (5.4–9.2) | 88 | 7.8 (5.9–9.7) | 95 | 9.6 (7.9–11.3) | 91 | 8.8 (6.5–11.2) | 5.0 (4.6–5.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 4702 | 91.7 (90.8–92.6) | 886 | 92.1 (89.6–94.5) | 968 | 92.7 (90.8–94.6) | 947 | 92.2 (90.3–94.1) | 951 | 90.4 (88.7–92.1) | 950 | 91.2 (88.8–93.5) | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.3) | <0.001 |
| Incarceration | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 142 | 3.1 (2.4–3.7) | 37 | 4.4 (2.2—6.6) | 26 | 2.9 (1.7–4.2) | 25 | 2.7 (1.3–4.1) | 38 | 4.0 (2.5–5.4) | 16 | 1.4 (0.6–2.1) | −15.3 (−16.0 to −14.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 4978 | 96.9 (96.3–97.6) | 922 | 95.6 (93.4–97.8) | 1017 | 97.1 (95.8–98.3) | 1010 | 97.3 (95.9–98.7) | 1004 | 96.0 (94.6–97.5) | 1025 | 98.6 (97.9–99.4) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 |
EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; Cl, confidence interval; ADAP, AIDS Drug Assistance Program.
AII characteristics were ascertained based on the past 12 months, unless otherwise indicated.
Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race. Persons are classified in only one race/ethnicity category.
Poverty guidelines as defined by HHS; the 2018 guidelines were used for persons interviewed in 201 9 and the 201 9 guidelines were used for persons interviewed in 2020. More information regarding HHS poverty guidelines can be found at https://aspe.hhs.gov/frequently-asked-questions-related-poverty-guidelines-and-poverty.externalicon.
Receipt of Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) assistance was defined as having RWHAP coverage for medical care or antiretroviral medicines in the past 12 months. Persons could select more than one response for health insurance or coverage for care or medications.
As measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 administered during the interviews; Current depression of moderate or severe intensity was defined as a total score of at least 10.
As measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Scale administered during the interviews; Moderate anxiety was defined as scores 10–14 in the past 2 weeks, severe anxiety at least 15.
Having been slapped, punched, shoved, kicked, choked, or otherwise physically hurt by a romantic or sexual partner.
Four alcoholic drinks among women in one sitting in the past 30days.
Any injection or noninjection drug use.
Living on the street, in a shelter, in a single-room-occupancy hotel, or in a car.