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. 2024 Mar 12;14(12):8409–8433. doi: 10.1039/d4ra00035h

Summary of various techniques employed for the characterization of yolk–shell microgels and their hybrids.

Characterization technique Applications Composition of yolk–shell microgels and their hybrids Ref.
Thermogravimetric analysis The thermal stability of yolk–shell microgels was explored P(MAA-co-EGDMA)@void@P(NIPAM-co-MAA) 48
Fe3O4@void@PMAA 30
Fe3O4@void@PMAA@void@PNIPAM 54
Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis Mass content of metal in hybrid yolk–shell microgels was discovered Ag@air@PMAA 75
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Concentration of metal in hybrid yolk–shell microgels was predicted PS@void@PS-co-PMAA 77
Fe3O4@void@PMAA@void@PNIPAM 54
Vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) To determine the saturation magnetization of magnetic particles, present in yolk–shell microgels Fe3O4@void@PMAA 78
SiO2–Fe3O4@void@P(BIS-co-MAA) 71
X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy To determine the size of the nanostructure Fe3O4@void@PMAA@void@PNIPAM 54
To determine the crystal structure of nanoparticles of the yolk–shell hybrid. Microgels
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) To determine the Dh of yolk–shell microgels in swollen and de-swollen state Au@void@PNIPAM 46
PMAA@void@PNIPAM 50
P(MAA-co-EDGMA)@void@PNIPAM 49
To determine the size distribution of microgels SiO2–Fe3O4@void@P(BIS-co-MAA) 71
Fe3O4@void@PMAA 79
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy To determine the bonds present in the network of hybrid yolk–shell microgels Ag@void@PMAA 75
CPMAA@void@CPNIPAM 72
Fe3O4@void@PMAA 78
Fe3O4@void@PMAA@void@PNIPAM 54
Au–Fe3O4@void@PNIPAM 80
Fe3O4@void@PMAA 30
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) To determine the morphology of hybrid yolk–shell microgels Fe3O4@void@PMAA 78
UV-visible spectroscopy To determine the optical properties of hybrid yolk–shell microgels CPMAA@void@CPNIPAM 72
The dimensions of nanostructures were predicted
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The shape and size distribution of hybrid yolk–shell microgels was investigated P(MAA-co-EGDMA)@void@P(NIPAM-co-MAA) 48
PMAA@void@PNIPAM 50
Au–Fe3O4@void@PNIPAM 80
SiO2–Fe3O4@void@P(BIS-co-MAA) 71