Table 2.
Observed utility values of EQ-5D-3 L of older adults by catastrophic health expenditure and caregivers in Shandong, China, 2018
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD a | EQ-5D-3 L (%) b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mo | SC | UA | PD | AD | ||
| Total | 0.887 ± 0.177 | 20.4 | 8.9 | 13.8 | 34.5 | 10.3 |
| CHE c | ||||||
| No CHE | 0.921 ± 0.150 | 14.3 | 5.7 | 9.0 | 25.4 | 6.4 |
| Occur CHE | 0.865 ± 0.189*** | 24.5 | 11.0 | 16.9 | 40.5 | 12.9 |
| Caregivers | ||||||
| Older people’s adult children | ||||||
| No CHE | 0.909 ± 0.159 | 16.9 | 6.5 | 11.0 | 28.0 | 7.2 |
| Occur CHE | 0.863 ± 0.183*** | 25.4 | 11.1 | 17.0 | 41.6 | 13.1 |
| Spouse or others | ||||||
| No CHE | 0.931 ± 0.141 | 12.0 | 5.1 | 7.4 | 23.2 | 5.6 |
| Occur CHE | 0.867 ± 0.194*** | 23.7 | 10.8 | 16.8 | 39.5 | 12.7 |
Note: HRQOL Health-related quality of life, MO Mobility, SC Self-care, UA Usual activity, PD Pain/discomfort, AD Anxiety/depression
p-values with statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
a Observed EQ-5D-3 L utility values; SD: standard deviation
b Observed frequency (%) of “have problems” in EQ-5D-3 L dimensions
c Independent-samples t-test was used to compare the EQ-5D utility values between different groups