Table 1.
Study characteristics, stratified by gender
| Characteristics | Categories | Total (n = 2426) |
Male (n = 1161) |
Female (n = 1265) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Age (mean ± SD) | 69.3 ± 6.3 | 69.5 ± 6.4 | 69.1 ± 6.3 | 0.165 | |
| Marital status | Married | 1864(76.8) | 1104(95.1) | 760(60.1) | < 0.001 |
| Single | 562(23.2) | 57(4.9) | 505(39.9) | ||
| Educational level | Illiterate | 801(33.0) | 214(18.4) | 587(46.4) | < 0.001 |
| Primary school | 712(29.3) | 324(27.9) | 388(30.7) | ||
| High school diploma | 718(29.6) | 466(40.1) | 252(19.9) | ||
| Academic | 195(8.0) | 157(13.5) | 38(3.0) | ||
| Physical Activity | No active and sedentary | 1869(77.0) | 893(76.9) | 976(77.2) | 0.087 |
| Low active | 399(16.4) | 180(15.5) | 219(17.3) | ||
| Active | 158(6.5) | 88(7.6) | 70(5.5) | ||
| Household Income | Low | 513(21.1) | 168(14.5) | 345(27.3) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate | 1362(56.1) | 641(55.2) | 721(57.0) | ||
| High | 551(22.7) | 352(30.3) | 199(15.7) | ||
| Tobacco smoking | No | 737(30.4) | 321(27.6) | 416(32.9) | 0.001 |
| Past smoking | 1185(48.8) | 568(48.9) | 617(48.8) | ||
| Current smoking | 504(20.8) | 272(23.4) | 232(18.3) | ||
| Sleep | Less than 6 h | 46(1.9) | 24(2.1) | 22(1.7) | 0.832 |
| 6 to 9 h | 1682(69.3) | 805(69.3) | 877(69.3) | ||
| More than 9 h | 698(28.8) | 332(28.6) | 366(28.9) | ||
| Polypharmacy | 339(17.0) | 88(9.8) | 251(22.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 1770(73.0) | 819(70.5) | 951(75.2) | 0.010 | |
| History of Stroke | 81(3.3) | 37(3.2) | 44(3.5) | 0.735 | |
| History of Osteoarthritis | 305(12.6) | 95(8.2) | 210(16.6) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Depression | 623(25.7) | 154(13.3) | 469(37.1) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Diabetes mellitus | 767(31.6) | 327(28.2) | 440(34.8) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Thyroid disease | 231(9.5) | 44(3.8) | 187(14.8) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Obesity | 645(26.6) | 188(16.2) | 457(36.1) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Cognitive disorder | 1194(49.2) | 451(38.8) | 743(58.7) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Osteoporosis | 1005(41.4) | 275(23.7) | 730(57.7) | < 0.001 | |
| History of Kidney stones | 212(8.7) | 118(10.2) | 94(7.4) | 0.018 | |
| Multi-morbidity (2 + chronic conditions) | 1946(80.2) | 794(68.4) | 1152(91.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Number of co-occurring diseases (mean ± SD) | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | |